The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly being used in clinical populations to reduce psychological distress and improve functioning. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a questionnaire that measures five facets of mindfulness: observe, describe, actaware, nonjudge and nonreact. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FFMQ in a clinical population of fibromyalgia patients. A total of 141 patients completed an online questionnaire on mindfulness (FFMQ) and theoretically related (e.g. acceptance, openness, alexithymia) and unrelated (physical health) constructs. Thirty-eight patients filled in the FFMQ twice. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the five-factor structure of the FFMQ. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were respectively assessed with Cronbach's α and intraclass correlation coefficients. Construct validity was examined by correlating FFMQ facets with theoretically related and unrelated constructs. Incremental validity in predicting mental health and psychological symptoms was examined with regression analyses. CFA confirmed the correlated five-factor structure of the FFMQ. Internal consistency of the five facets was satisfactory and test-retest reliability was good to excellent. Construct validity was excellent, as shown by the moderate to large correlations with related constructs (except observe facet) and weak correlation with a theoretically unrelated construct. Two of the five facets (actaware and nonjudge) had incremental validity over the others in predicting mental health and psychological symptoms. After controlling for related constructs, the actaware facet remained a significant predictor. This study showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Dutch FFMQ in fibromyalgia patients. The observe facet, however, should be used with caution given its deviant relationship with theoretically related constructs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Even though conceptualized to represent a hierarchical factor structure, with mindfulness on top of the five facets, empirical research among non-meditators repeatedly showed that Observe fits only insufficiently into this structure, or is even unrelated to overall mindfulness [14], [19], [20], [22]–[24].”
From The serenity of the meditating mind: A cross-cultural psychometric study on a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness, its effects, and mechanisms related to mental health among experienced meditators (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Validation studies of the FFMQ, for instance, have shown that its mindfulness facets correlate to a medium-to-large magnitude with specific measures of decentering (e.g., EQ) and acceptance (e.g., the Accpetance and Action Questionnaire, AAQ; Soler et al., 2014; Veehof et al., 2011), suggesting that these aspects may be operationally challenging to disentangle from each other.”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Veehof et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As validation studies of the FFMQ have shown that the various mindfulness facets measured by the FFMQ correlate to a medium-to-large magnitude with specific measures of decentering (e.g., EQ) and acceptance (e.g., the Accpetance and Action Questionnaire, AAQ) (Soler et al., 2014; Veehof et al., 2011)”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Veehof et al., 2011
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“These findings correspond to earlier research (e.g., Baer et al., 2006; Veehof et al., 2011).”
From Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II (2012) · cites this paper as Veehof et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · cited 1×
“06, respectively, were considered to reflect acceptable and good fit [38, 39].”
BackgroundStatistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392 · cited 2×
“The SF-12 has shown good psychometric properties [ 34 , 36].”
MethodTesting Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · cited 4×
“Mindfulness refers to a state of being attentive to and aware of experiences (including physical sensations, emotions, thoughts, imagery) occurring in the present moment in a nonjudgmental or accepting way [1, 2].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298 · cited 1×
“As suggested by Hu and Bentler [37], the non-normed fit index (NNFI), the comparative fit index (CFI), the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used.”
MethodCicchetti, D. V. (1994) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284 · Cited by 9,349 · cited 1×
“70 were considered acceptable for research purposes [40].”
BackgroundTesting Structural Equation Models.
Clogg, C. C., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580595 · Cited by 8,246
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 19×
“Finally, our results support the multifaceted structure of mindfulness, as earlier suggested [ 2 ],”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Cary, G. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1994.48.1.155 · Cited by 6,299
Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1 · Cited by 5,293
Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 · Cited by 4,577 · cited 1×
“The effectiveness of these programs in reducing medical and psychological symptoms and improving quality of life has been shown in a wide range of clinical and nonclinical populations including patients with rheumatic conditions [8–14].”
BackgroundMindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015 · Cited by 4,576
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
(2001) · Cited by 3,666
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · cited 1×
“The effectiveness of these programs in reducing medical and psychological symptoms and improving quality of life has been shown in a wide range of clinical and nonclinical populations including patients with rheumatic conditions [8–14].”
BackgroundBaer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107313003 · Cited by 2,930 · cited 6×
“showed that the factor structure of the FFMQ and the relationship of the observe facet with theoretically related constructs change as a function of meditation experience [2, 19].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCross-Validation of Item Selection and Scoring for the SF-12 Health Survey in Nine Countries
Gandek, B., Ware, J. E., Aaronson, N. K., Apolone, G., Bjorner, J. B., Brazier, J. E., Bullinger, M., Kaasa, S., Leplege, A., Prieto, L., et al. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00109-7 · Cited by 2,907 · cited 1×
“The SF-12 has shown good psychometric properties [34, 36].”
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,491
The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale—II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity
Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90006-x · Cited by 2,431 · cited 1×
“The TAS-20 was used to assess alexithymia [29, 30].”
MethodAssessment of Mindfulness by Self-Report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191104268029 · Cited by 2,298
SPINHOVEN, P., ORMEL, J., SLOEKERS, P. P. A., KEMPEN, G. I. J. M., SPECKENS, A. E. M., & HEMERT, A. M. V. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004382 · Cited by 2,158
THE APPLICATION OF EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
Ford, J. K., MacCallum, R. C., & Tait, M. (1986) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x · Cited by 1,735
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse
Hodo, D. W. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1257 · Cited by 1,405
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2003) · Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb04008.x · Cited by 1,394
Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.1.31 · Cited by 1,390 · cited 1×
“The effectiveness of these programs in reducing medical and psychological symptoms and improving quality of life has been shown in a wide range of clinical and nonclinical populations including patients with rheumatic conditions [8–14].”
BackgroundBohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.005 · Cited by 822 · cited 1×
“The effectiveness of these programs in reducing medical and psychological symptoms and improving quality of life has been shown in a wide range of clinical and nonclinical populations including patients with rheumatic conditions [8–14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph080 · Cited by 759 · cited 1×
“Several self-report measures of mindfulness have been developed, including the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory [15], the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills [16], the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale [1], the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale [17] and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire [18].”
MethodAcceptance and Commitment Therapy
Strosahl, K. D. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-343010-0/00001-5 · Cited by 647
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Salters-Pedneault, K. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012720 · Cited by 554 · cited 1×
“Well-known programs include mindfulness-based stress reduction [3], mindfulness-based cognitive therapy [4], dialectical behaviour therapy [5, 6], acceptance and commitment therapy [7] and acceptance-based behavioural therapy [8].”
MethodChadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x314891 · Cited by 517 · cited 1×
“Several self-report measures of mindfulness have been developed, including the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory [15], the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills [16], the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale [1], the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale [17] and the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire [18].”
MethodGrossman, P., Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, U., Raysz, A., & Kesper, U. (2007) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000101501 · Cited by 505 · cited 1×
“The beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions in fibromyalgia patients have been shown in several studies [20–23].”
BackgroundKooiman, C. G., Spinhoven, P., & Trijsburg, R. W. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00348-3 · Cited by 452 · cited 1×
“The Dutch TAS-20 has shown good psychometric properties [31].”
Sephton, S. E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Ulmer, C., Floyd, A., Hoover, K., & Studts, J. L. (2007) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.22478 · Cited by 387 · cited 1×
“The beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions in fibromyalgia patients have been shown in several studies [20–23].”
BackgroundThe impact of a meditation-based stress reduction program on fibromyalgia.
Kaplan, K. H., Goldenberg, D. L., & Galvin-Nadeau, M. (1993) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(93)90020-o · Cited by 345 · cited 1×
“The beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions in fibromyalgia patients have been shown in several studies [20–23].”
BackgroundAcceptance and Commitment Therapy
Hayes, S. C., & Sackett, C. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Volume 1: Adult Clinical Applications Volume 2: Child Clinical Applications Volume 3: Educational Applications · doi:10.4135/9781412950534.n1 · Cited by 279
A controlled study of a stress-reduction, cognitive-behavioral treatment program in fibromyalgia.
Goldenberg, D. L., Kaplan, K. H., Nadeau, M. G., Brodeur, C., Smith, S., & Schmid, C. H. (1994) · Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain · doi:10.1300/j094v02n02_05 · Cited by 183
NEO Five-Factor Inventory Scores: Psychometric Properties in a Community Sample
Murray, G., Rawlings, D., Allen, N. B., & Trinder, J. C. (2003) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2003.11909738 · Cited by 114
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Hayes, S. C. (2023) · PsycTHERAPY Dataset · doi:10.1037/v00839-001 · Cited by 80
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Medical Settings
Shigaki, C. L., Glass, B., & Schopp, L. H. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-006-9033-8 · Cited by 79 · cited 1×
“The effectiveness of these programs in reducing medical and psychological symptoms and improving quality of life has been shown in a wide range of clinical and nonclinical populations including patients with rheumatic conditions [8–14].”
BackgroundJansen, H. A. M., & Hak, T. (2005) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 33
indicated, N. A. (1992) · Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1037/032287 · Cited by 19
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Buchheld N, Grossman P, Walach H (2001) Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: the development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). J Medit Medit Res 1:11–34
- Jacobs N, Kleen M, De Groot F, A-Tjak J (2008) Het meten van experiëntiële vermijding. De nederlandstalige versie van de Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Gedragstherapie 41:349–361
- Costa PTJ, McCrae RR (1992) Revised Neo Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa
- Hoekstra HA, Ormel H, de Fruyt F (1996) NEO persoonlijkheidsvragenlijsten: NEO-PI-R & NEO-FFI [NEO personality questionnaires: NEO-PI-R & NEO-FFI]. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse
- Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD (1995) How to score the SF-12 physical and mental health summary scales. The Health Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bohlmeijer, E., ten Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M., & Baer, R. (2011) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191111408231 · Cited by 990
Self-citationKuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., Hayes, R., Huijbers, M., Ma, H., Schweizer, S., et al. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0076 · Cited by 821
Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Forder, L., & Jones, F. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.001 · Cited by 340
Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101785 · Cited by 342
Hou, J., Wong, S. Y.-S., Lo, H. H.-M., Mak, W. W.-S., & Ma, H. S.-W. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113485121 · Cited by 215
“This finding was in accordance with other studies (Baer et al., 2006; Veehof et al., 2011).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Veehof, M. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Taal, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Veehof, Martine M.
- Venue
- Clinical Rheumatology
- Published
- 2011-02-25
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1045-1054
- ISSN
- 0770-3198 (ISSN-L)
- 1434-9949
- PMC
- PMC3145081
- OpenAlex
- W2102457727
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Clinical Rheumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, fibromyalgia, mindfulness, psychometric properties, incremental validity, construct validity, test-retest reliability, acceptance, alexithymia, mental health, psychological symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Mind-Body Therapies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
