Diel and seasonal vocal activity patterns revealed by passive acoustic monitoring suggest expert recommendations for breeding bird surveys need adjustment
Open accessAbstract
Species identification and recording in breeding bird surveys vastly rely on the registration of avian calls and songs. Despite comprehensive expert knowledge on species-specific activity patterns, data-based analyses of vocal activity patterns are lacking. Recent advances in passive acoustic monitoring allow the direct measurement of bird vocal activity at very high temporal resolution. We conducted a comprehensive survey, recording 25,000 h of audio data at 256 forest sites in Lower Saxony, Germany, to investigate vocal activity patterns of the European forest bird community. Our results reveal a high degree of inter-specific variability in seasonal and diel vocal activity patterns, including strong circular patterns along the day–night cycle and a significant seasonal component. Comparing acoustic detectability to species-specific survey recommendations revealed critical temporal discrepancies for 64.2% of species, and standard protocols (sunrise to 4 h after sunrise) showed discrepancies for 41.5% of species. This highlights the potential for temporal survey optimization to reduce imperfect detection and increase accuracy and precision. Emphasis should be given to the hours before and after sunrise and also sunset for sampling less detectable species. Combining observer-based surveys with passive acoustic monitoring might leverage the strengths of both methods. Our results also emphasize the potential of continuous recording schedules in passive acoustic monitoring to capture diverse temporal patterns. This study provides a baseline for future research on vocal activity patterns across habitats, throughout the year, and regarding anthropogenic impacts. Our findings may raise awareness among ornithologists about the sources of variation in acoustic detectability and its implications for breeding bird surveys, highlighting potential for methodological adjustments in survey timing and consequences for carful interpretation of bird surveys.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Detection remains inherently imperfect because species differ widely in vocal amplitude, calling behaviour, and seasonal activity, meaning some organisms present in an ecosystem may remain acoustically undetected even within dense monitoring grids.
“Detection remains inherently imperfect, because species differ widely in vocal amplitude, calling behaviour, and seasonal activity, meaning that some organisms present in an ecosystem may remain acoustically undetected even within dense monitoring grids”
From Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation (2026) · cites this paper as Singer et al. 2026
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wickham, H. (2016) · Use R! · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4 · Cited by 33,612 · see citing works
Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity
Baselga, A. (2009) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x · Cited by 4,080 · see citing works
Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data
Pebesma, E. (2018) · The R Journal · doi:10.32614/rj-2018-009 · Cited by 4,041 · see citing works
Clustering of time series data—a survey
Liao, T. W. (2005) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2005.01.025 · Cited by 2,410 · see citing works
betapart: an R package for the study of beta diversity
Baselga, A., & Orme, C. (2012) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00224.x · Cited by 2,191 · see citing works
eBird: A citizen-based bird observation network in the biological sciences
Sullivan, B. L., Wood, C. L., Iliff, M. J., Bonney, R. E., Fink, D., & Kelling, S. (2009) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.006 · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works
Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations
Catchpole, C. K., & Slater, P. J. B. (2008) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511754791 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
BirdNET: A deep learning solution for avian diversity monitoring
Kahl, S., Wood, C. M., Eibl, M., & Klinck, H. (2021) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101236 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Terrestrial Passive Acoustic Monitoring: Review and Perspectives
Sugai, L. S. M., Silva, T. S. F., Ribeiro, J. W., & Llusia, D. (2018) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biy147 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Emerging opportunities and challenges for passive acoustics in ecological assessment and monitoring
Gibb, R., Browning, E., Glover‐Kapfer, P., & Jones, K. E. (2018) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13101 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Hill, A. P., Prince, P., Piña‐Covarrubias, E., Doncaster, C. P., Snaddon, J. L., & Rogers, A. (2017) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12955 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song, Extra-Pair Siring Success, and Lay Date in Songbirds
Kempenaers, B., Borgström, P., Loës, P., Schlicht, E., & Vâlcu, M. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.028 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins
Fuller, R. A., Warren, P. H., & Gaston, K. J. (2007) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0134 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Imperfect detection and its consequences for monitoring for conservation
Kéry, M., & Schmidt, B. R. (2008) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1556/comec.9.2008.2.10 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Biogeography of time partitioning in mammals
Bennie, J., Duffy, J. P., Inger, R., & Gaston, K. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216063110 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Acoustic sequences in non‐human animals: a tutorial review and prospectus
Kershenbaum, A., Blumstein, D. T., Roch, M. A., Akçay, Ç., Backus, G., Bee, M. A., Bohn, K., Cao, Y., Carter, G., Cäsar, C., et al. (2016) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12160 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Accounting for Imperfect Detection in Ecology: A Quantitative Review
Kellner, K., & Swihart, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111436 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Frey, S., Fisher, J. T., Burton, A. C., & Volpe, J. (2017) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.60 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
The first 50 years of the North American Breeding Bird Survey
Sauer, J. R., Pardieck, K. L., Ziolkowski, D. J., Smith, A. C., Hudson, M.-A. R., Rodríguez, V. R., Berlanga, H. A., Niven, D. K., & Link, W. A. (2017) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1650/condor-17-83.1 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Using ecoacoustic methods to survey the impacts of climate change on biodiversity
Krause, B. L., & Farina, A. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.013 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Rubolini, D., Møller, A. P., Rainio, K., & Lehikoinen, E. (2007) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr00720 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The development of alarm call behaviour in mammals and birds
Hollén, L., & Radford, A. N. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.021 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
French citizens monitoring ordinary birds provide tools for conservation and ecological sciences
Jiguet, F., Devictor, V., Julliard, R., & Couvet, D. (2011) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.05.003 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
On the Meaning of Alarm Calls: A Review of Functional Reference in Avian Alarm Calling
Gill, S. A., & Bierema, A. M. ‐. (2013) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12097 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Bruni, A., Mennill, D. J., & Foote, J. R. (2014) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1071-7 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Long-term trends in the arrival dates of spring migrants
Mason, C. F. (1995) · Bird Study · doi:10.1080/00063659509477167 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Population trends of common breeding birds in Germany 1990–2018
Kamp, J., Frank, C., Trautmann, S., Busch, M., Dröschmeister, R., Flade, M., Gerlach, B., Karthäuser, J., Kunz, F., Mitschke, A., et al. (2020) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-020-01830-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Bird Dawn Chorus Revisited
Gil, D., & Llusia, D. (2020) · Animal Signals and Communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39200-0_3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Detecting small changes in populations at landscape scales: a bioacoustic site-occupancy framework
Wood, C. M., Popescu, V. D., Klinck, H., Keane, J. J., Gutiérrez, R. J., Sawyer, S. C., & Peery, M. Z. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.018 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Monitoring temporal change of bird communities with dissimilarity acoustic indices
Lellouch, L., Pavoine, S., Jiguet, F., Glotin, H., & Sueur, J. (2014) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12178 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Worldwide Soundscapes: A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms
Darras, K., Rountree, R. A., Wilgenburg, S. L. V., Cord, A. F., Pitz, F., Chen, Y., Dong, L., Rocquencourt, A., Desjonquères, C., Diaz, P. M., et al. (2025) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.70021 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Romanò, A., Garamszegi, L. Z., Rubolini, D., & Ambrosini, R. (2022) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1552 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Funosas, D., Barbaro, L., Schillé, L., Elger, A., Castagneyrol, B., & Cauchoix, M. (2024) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112146 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Airport noise predicts song timing of European birds
Dominoni, D. M., Greif, S., Nemeth, E., & Brumm, H. (2016) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.2357 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Some new approaches to conservation monitoring of British breeding birds
Greenwood, J. J. D., Baillie, S. R., Gregory, R. D., Peach, W. J., & Fuller, R. J. (1995) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1995.tb08437.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Predation risk constrains herbivores’ adaptive capacity to warming
Veldhuis, M. P., Hofmeester, T. R., Balme, G. A., Druce, D. J., Pitman, R. T., & Cromsigt, J. P. G. M. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1218-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Feature embeddings from the BirdNET algorithm provide insights into avian ecology
McGinn, K. A., Kahl, S., Peery, M. Z., Klinck, H., & Wood, C. M. (2023) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.101995 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Detection Rate of Bird Species and What It Depends on: Tips for Field Surveys
Morelli, F., Brlík, V., Benedetti, Y., Bussière, R., Moudrá, L., Reif, J., & Svitok, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.671492 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Part‐night lighting: implications for bat conservation
Day, J., Baker, J., Schofield, H., Mathews, F., & Gaston, K. J. (2015) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.12200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Visual and acoustic communication in non-human animals: a comparison
Rosenthal, G. G., & Ryan, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/bf02703937 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Metcalf, O., Barlow, J., Marsden, S. J., de Moura, N. G., Berenguer, É., Ferreira, J., & Lees, A. C. (2021) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.227 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Studying phenology by flexible modelling of seasonal detectability peaks
Strebel, N., Kéry, M., Schaub, M., & Schmid, H. (2014) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12175 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Testing the importance of auditory detections in avian point counts
Brewster, J. P., & Simons, T. R. (2009) · Journal of Field Ornithology · doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00220.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bates, J. M., Fidino, M., Nowak‐Boyd, L., Strausberger, B. M., Schmidt, K. A., & Whelan, C. J. (2022) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13683 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Singer, D., Hagge, J., Kamp, J., Hondong, H., & Schuldt, A. (2024) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.385 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomous acoustic recorders reveal complex patterns in avian detection probability
Thompson, S. J., Handel, C. M., & McNew, L. B. (2017) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.21285 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hertzog, L. R., Frank, C., Klimek, S., Röder, N., Böhner, H. G. S., & Kamp, J. (2021) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13259 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationSeasonality of vocal activity of a bird community in an Afrotropical lowland rain forest
Vokurková, J., Motombi, F. N., Ferenc, M., Hořák, D., & Sedláček, O. (2018) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467418000056 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Acoustic community structure and seasonal turnover in tropical South Asian birds
Krishnan, A. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arz087 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Pérez‐Granados, C., Schuchmann, K., & Marques, M. I. (2020) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/03949370.2020.1820582 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mariton, L., Viol, I. L., Bas, Y., & Kerbiriou, C. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109852 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Robertson, H. A. (1993) · Notornis · doi:10.63172/914662tctajo · Cited by 24 · see citing works
More Notes on the Morning Awakening
Allen, F. H. (1913) · The Auk · doi:10.2307/4071548 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Serrurier, A., Zdroik, P., Isler, R., Kornienko, T., Peris‐Morente, E., Sattler, T. L., & Pradervand, J. (2024) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/ibi.13314 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Snowmobile noise alters bird vocalization patterns during winter and pre‐breeding season
Cretois, B., Bick, I. A., Balantic, C., Gelderblom, F. B., Pavón‐Jordán, D., Wiel, J., Sethi, S. S., Betchkal, D., Banet, B., Rosten, C. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14564 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Great tits responding to territorial intrusions sing less but alarm more on colder days
Strauß, A. F. T., Hutfluss, A., & Dingemanse, N. J. (2019) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.12989 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Baroni, D., Hanzelka, J., Raimondi, T., Gamba, M., Brommer, J. E., & Laaksonen, T. (2023) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-023-01667-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Temporally adaptive acoustic sampling to maximize detection across a suite of focal wildlife species
Balantic, C., & Donovan, T. M. (2019) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.5579 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Roark, E., & Gaul, W. (2021) · Avian Conservation and Ecology · doi:10.5751/ace-01885-160121 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Daily and Seasonal Patterns in the Singing Activity of Birds in East China
Puswal, S. M., Mei, J., Wang, M., & Liu, F. (2022) · Ardea · doi:10.5253/arde.v110i1.a4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Passive acoustic recorders increase White-headed Woodpecker detectability in the Blue Mountains
Gaylord, M., Duarte, A., McComb, B. C., & Ratliff, J. (2023) · Journal of Field Ornithology · doi:10.5751/jfo-00330-940401 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Schlindwein, X., Randler, C., Kalb, N., Dvořák, J., & Gottschalk, T. K. (2023) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-023-02096-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wu, S., Ko, J. C., Lin, R., Chang‐Yang, C., & Chang, H. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.141951.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Singer, D., Hagge, J., Engel, F., Hoppmann, T., Lorenz, K., Mölder, A., Schmidt, M., & Meyer, P. (2025) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.14535158 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wickham H (2016) ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cord, A. F., Darras, K., Ogawa, R., Barbaro, L., Gerling, C., Kernecker, M. L., Markova‐Nenova, N., Rodriguez-Barrera, M. G., Zichner, F., & Wätzold, F. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Soundscape-based evaluation of small-scale forest management interventions
Arend, D., Gebhard, A., Triantafyllopoulos, A., Schuller, B. W., Scherer‐Lorenzen, M., & Müeller, S. (2025) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123067 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pouso, P., Cabana, Á., & Methol, C. N. (2025) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2025.2597859 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cord, A. F., & Wätzold, F. (2026) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111761 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Burgess, M., Duarte, A., Ratliff, J., & Vernasco, B. J. (2026) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duag010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Martens, H. R., Kreyling, J., & Tanneberger, F. (2026) · Ecological Solutions and Evidence · doi:10.1002/2688-8319.70259 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The reliability of acoustic classification models for determining avian vocalisation patternsPreprint
Metcalf, O., Nunes, C. A., Hopping, W. A., Lees, A. C., Lostanlen, V., & Barlow, J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694294 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation
Zsebők, S. (2026) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-026-00322-5
Moreno‐Gómez, F. N., Carrasco-Rojas, J., Bartheld, J. L., Gutiérrez, R., & Penna, M. (2025) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2025.2571647
Ecological specificity of acoustic indices varies with soundscape composition and habitat contextPreprint
Geukes, S. J., Bernard, C., Barile, C., & Kissling, W. D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6884127
Abundance and occurrence responses of bird communities to arid mixed urban-agricultural systems
Alghanimi, S. M. K., & Asgarian, A. (2026) · Landscape and Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11355-026-00724-6
Wildfire smoke alters observations of 65% of breeding bird species in New York State
Adegbola, F. O., Evans, S. M., Sanderfoot, O. V., & Wilson, A. M. (2026) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-026-03406-9
Portaccio, A., Pizzi, S., Molinaro, A., Sacchi, R., Giordani, M., Zorzi, M., Zorzi, M., Grassi, M., & Testolin, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7206690
Piccini, S., Singer, D., Leister, L., Pineda, M., Penanhoat, A., Seidel, D., Goßner, M. M., & Schuldt, A. (2026) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100519
Self-citationVyas, H., Arvind, C., Mangalasami, S., & Robin, V. V. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.27.747512
Acoustic indices differ in their sensitivity to biophony, geophony, and temporal ecological dynamics
Geukes, S. J., Bernard, C., Barile, C., & Kissling, W. D. (2026) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.115563
Singh, V. P., Reza, S., Kumar, S., Anwar, M., & Khan, A. (2026) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.10681.18.9.29571-29582
Patrones de actividad vocal del Chimango durante el período de cría de los pichones
Cueva, L., Orozco-Valor, P. M., & Sarasola, J. H. (2026) · El Hornero · doi:10.56178/eh.v41i2.1546
Edge-Based Long-Term Automated Monitoring of Budgerigar Vocal Activity Using YAMNet
Agishev, A. T., Arifulova, I. I., Ibraimov, M., Surovtseva, N. V., Khokhlov, S. A., Zhexebay, D., & Kulemin, M. V. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16203246
El monitoreo acústico pasivo como herramienta para estudios de diversidad funcional en aves
Palacio, F. X., Zaffignani, D., & Scheffer, M. (2026) · El Hornero · doi:10.56178/eh.v41i2.1550
- Authors
- Singer, D., Kamp, J., Hondong, H., Schuldt, A., & Hagge, J.
- Affiliations
- Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, David
- Venue
- Journal of Ornithology
- Published
- 2025-07-09
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 165-180
- ISSN
- 2193-7192 (ISSN-L)
- 2193-7206
- OpenAlex
- W4412176373
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 5
- FWCI
- 10.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal für Ornithologie (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- diel activity patterns, seasonal variation, Breeding Bird Survey, passive acoustic monitoring, imperfect detection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
