CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 76

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Earliest Evidence for the Ivory Trade in Southern Africa: Isotopic and ZooMS Analysis of Seventh–Tenth Century ad Ivory from KwaZulu-Natal

Coutu, Ashley N., Whitelaw, Gavin, le Roux, Petrus, Sealy, Judith·2016·African Archaeological Review
DOI 10.1007/s10437-016-9232-0
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10437-016-9232-0

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • ZooMS is typically applied to fragmented or morphologically nondiagnostic bone fragments and has also been applied to parchments, ivory, eggshell, combs, and leather objects.

    “For archeological questions, this analysis not only is typically applied to fragmented or morphologically nondiagnostic bone fragments but also has been applied to a range of other archeological material culture, including parchments (52–54), ivory (55), eggshell (19, 22), combs (56), and leather objects (57).”

    From Ancient protein analysis in archaeology (2021) · cites this paper as [55]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 109

  1. Ambrose, S. H. (1990). Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 17(4), 431–451. · DOI
  2. Ambrose, S. H. (1991). Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. Journal of Archaeological Science, 18(3), 293–317. · DOI
  3. Ambrose, S. H., & DeNiro, M. J. (1986). The isotopic ecology of East African mammals. Oecologia, 69(3), 395–406. · DOI
  4. Amundson, R., Austin, A. T., Schuur, E. A. G., Yoo, K., Matzek, V., Kendall, C., Uebersax, D., Brenner, D., & Baisden, W. T. (2003). Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(1). doi: 10.1029/2002GB001903 . · DOI
  5. Aranibar, J. N., Otter, L., Macko, S. A., Feral, C. J. W., Epstein, H. E., Dowty, P. R., Eckardt, F., Shugart, H. H., & Swap, R. J. (2004). Nitrogen cycling in the soil–plant system along a precipitation gradient in the Kalahari sands. Global Change Biology, 10(3), 359–373. · DOI
  6. Arnold, E. R., Greenfield, H. J., & Creaser, R. A. (2013). Domestic cattle mobility in early farming villages in southern Africa: Harvest profiles and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope analyses from Early Iron Age sites in the lower Thukela River Valley of South Africa. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 5(2), 129–144. · DOI
  7. Balfour, D., Dublin, H. T., Fennessy, J., Gibson, D., Niskanen, L., & Whyte, I. J. (2007). Review of options for managing the impacts of locally overabundant African elephants. Gland: The World Conservation Union (IUCN).
  8. Beukes, C. F. (2000). KwaGandaganda: An archaeozoological case study of the exploitation of animal resources during the Early Iron Age in KwaZulu-Natal. MA thesis, University of South Africa.
  9. Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Helm, R., & Fuller, D. Q. (2013). East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean world. Journal of World Prehistory, 26(3), 213–281. · DOI · Paper page
  10. Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Prendergast, M., & Fuller, D. Q. (2014). Indian Ocean food globalisation and Africa. African Archaeological Review, 31(4), 547–581. · DOI
  11. Botha, M. S., & Stock, W. D. (2005). Stable isotope composition of faeces as an indicator of seasonal diet selection in wild herbivores in southern Africa. South African Journal of Science, 101(August), 371–374.
  12. Bryant, A. T. (1967). The Zulu people as they were before the white man came (2nd ed.). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter.
  13. Buckley, M., & Collins, M. J. (2011). Collagen survival and its use for species identification in Holocene–lower Pleistocene bone fragments from British archaeological and paleontological sites. Antiqua, 1(1), 1–7. · DOI
  14. Buckley, M., Collins, M., Thomas-Oates, J., & Wilson, J. C. (2009). Species identification by analysis of bone collagen using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 23, 3843–3854. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Buckley, M., Kansa, S. W., Howard, S., Campbell, S., Thomas-Oates, J., & Collins, M. (2010). Distinguishing between archaeological sheep and goat bones using a single collagen peptide. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(1), 13–20. · DOI · Paper page
  16. Carruthers, J., Boshoff, A., Slotow, R., Biggs, H. C., Avery, G., & Matthews, W. (2008). The elephant in South Africa: History and distribution. In R. J. Scholes & K. G. Mennell (Eds.), Elephant management: A scientific assessment for South Africa (pp. 23–83). Johannesburg: Wits University Press. · DOI
  17. Casson, L. (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with introduction, translation, and commentary. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  18. Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., MacFadden, B. J., Leakey, M. G., Quade, J., Eisenmann, V., & Ehleringer, J. R. (1997). Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature, 389(6647), 153–158. · DOI
  19. Cerling, T. E., Omondi, P., & Macharia, A. N. (2007). Diets of Kenyan elephants from stable isotopes and the origin of confiscated ivory in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 45(4), 614–623. · DOI
  20. Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., Hart, J. A., Kaleme, P., Klingel, H., Leakey, M. G., Levin, N. E., Lewison, R. L., & Passey, B. H. (2008). Stable isotope ecology of the common hippopotamus. Journal of Zoology, 276(2), 204–212. · DOI
  21. Cerling, T. E., Wittemyer, G., Ehleringer, J. R., Remien, C. H., & Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2009). History of Animals using Isotope Records (HAIR): A 6-year dietary history of one family of African elephants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(20), 8093–8100. · DOI
  22. Codron, D., Codron, J., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sponheimer, M., De Ruiter, D., Sealy, J., Grant, R., & Fourie, N. (2007). Diets of savanna ungulates from stable carbon isotope composition of faeces. Journal of Zoology, 273(1), 21–29. · DOI
  23. Codron, J., Codron, D., Sponheimer, M., Kirkman, K., Duffy, K. J., Raubenheimer, E. J., Mélice, J. L., Grant, R., Clauss, M., & Lee-Thorp, J. A. (2012). Stable isotope series from elephant ivory reveal lifetime histories of a true dietary generalist. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2433–2441. · DOI
  24. Copeland, S. R., Sponheimer, M., le Roux, P. J., Grimes, V., Lee-Thorp, J. A., de Ruiter, D. J., & Richards, M. P. (2008). Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) of tooth enamel: A comparison of solution and laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, RCM, 22(20), 3187–3194. · DOI
  25. Cosentino, D. J. (1992). The talking (gray) heads: Elephant as metaphor in African myth and folklore. In D. H. Ross (Ed.), Elephant. The animal and its ivory in African culture (pp. 81–95). Los Angeles: University of California.
  26. Coutu, A. N. (2011). Tracing the links between elephants, humans, and landscapes during the nineteenth-century East African ivory trade: A bioarchaeological study. PhD dissertation, University of York.
  27. de Boer, W. F., van Langevelde, F., Prins, H. H. T., de Ruiter, P. C., Blanc, J., Vis, M. J. P., Gaston, K. J., & Hamilton, I. D. (2013). Understanding spatial differences in African elephant densities and occurrence, a continent-wide analysis. Biological Conservation, 159, 468–476. · DOI
  28. Denbow, J., Klehm, C., & Dussubieux, L. (2015). The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far interior of southern Africa. Antiquity, 89(344), 361–377. · DOI
  29. DeNiro, M. J. (1985). Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature, 317, 806–809. · DOI
  30. Fiddyment, S., Holsinger, B., Ruzzier, C., Devine, A., Binois, A., Albarella, U., Fischer, R., Nichols, E., Curtis, A., Cheese, E., Teasdale, M. D., Checkley-Scott, C., Milner, S. J., Rudy, K. M., Johnson, E. J., Vnouček, J., Garrison, M., McGory, S., Bradley, D. G., & Collins, M. J. (2015). Animal origin of 13th-century uterine vellum revealed using noninvasive peptide fingerprinting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(49), 15066–15071. · DOI · Paper page
  31. Forssman, T., Page, B., & Selier, S. A. J. (2014). How important was the presence of elephants as a determinant of the Zhizo settlement of the greater Mapungubwe landscape. Journal of African Archaeology, 12, 75–87. · DOI
  32. Francey, R. J., Allison, C. E., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Enting, I. G., Leuenberger, M., Langenfelds, R. L., Michel, E., & Steele, L. P. (1999). A 1000-year high precision record of δ13C in atmospheric CO2. Tellus B, 51(2), 170–193. · DOI
  33. Fread, E. R. (2007). Taphonomy and subsistence strategies at Ndondondwane, a zooarchaeological perspective on an Early Iron Age homestead in the Thukela Valley, Republic of South Africa. MA thesis, University of Manitoba.
  34. Freeman-Grenville, G. (1962). The East African coast: Select documents. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  35. Freeman-Grenville, G. (1988). The Swahili coast, 2nd to 19th centuries. London: Variorum.
  36. Greenfield, H. J., & van Schalkwyk, L. (2003). Intra-settlement social and economic organization of Early Iron Age farming communities in southern Africa: A view from Ndondondwane. Azania, 38(1), 121–137. · DOI
  37. Hall, M. (1987). Archaeology and modes of production in pre-colonial southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 14(1), 1–17. · DOI
  38. Hanisch, E. O. M. (1980). An archaeological interpretation of certain Iron Age sites in the Limpopo/Shashi valley. MA thesis, University of Pretoria.
  39. Hanisch, E. O. M. (1981). Schroda: A Zhizo site in the northern Transvaal. In A. Voigt (Ed.), Guide to archaeological sites in the northern and eastern Transvaal (pp. 37–53). Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.
  40. Heaton, T. H., Vogel, J. C., von La Chevallerie, G., & Collett, G. (1986). Climatic influence on the isotopic composition of bone nitrogen. Nature, 322, 822–823. · DOI
  41. Hodell, D. A., Quinn, R. L., Brenner, M., & Kamenov, G. (2004). Spatial variation of strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) in the Maya region: A tool for tracking ancient human migration. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(5), 585–601. · DOI
  42. Hollemeyer, K., Altmeyer, W., Heinzle, E., & Pitra, C. (2012). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of Neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the Tyrolean Iceman Oetzi. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 26(16), 1735–1745. · DOI · Paper page
  43. Huffman, T. N. (2007). Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in Southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
  44. Hunter, M. (1936). Reaction to conquest: Effects of contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
  45. Insoll, T. (1995). A cache of hippopotamus ivory at Gao, Mali. Antiquity, 69, 327–336. · DOI
  46. Ishibashi, H., Takeuchi, T., Whyte, I., & Koike, H. (1999). δ15N and δ13C measurements from the African elephant, Loxodonta africana, used for ivory sourcing. Bulletin of the Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 5, 1–8.
  47. Johnston, S. T., McCourt, S., Bisnath, A., & Mitchell, A. A. (2002). The Tugela terrane, Natal belt: Kibaran magmatism and tectonism along the southeast margin of the Kaapvaal Craton. South African Journal of Geology, 105(1), 1–13. · DOI
  48. Kirby, D., Buckley, M., & Promise, E. (2013). Identification of collagen-based materials in cultural heritage. Analyst, 138(17), 4849–4858. · DOI · Paper page
  49. Klingelhoeffer, E. W. (1987). Aspects of the ecology of the elephant Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797), and a management plan for the Tembe Elephant Reserve in Tongaland, KwaZulu. PhD dissertation, University of Pretoria.
  50. Kohn, M. J. (2010). Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo) ecology and (paleo) climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(46), 19691–19695. · DOI
  51. Krige, E. J. (1962). The social system of the Zulus (4th ed.). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.
  52. Kuper, H. (1973). Costume and cosmology: The animal symbolism of the ncwala. Man, 8(4), 613–630. · DOI
  53. Kuper, A. (1982). Wives for cattle: Bridewealth and marriage in southern Africa. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  54. Le Roux, P. J., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Copeland, S. R., Sponheimer, M., & de Ruiter, D. J. (2014). Strontium isotope analysis of curved tooth enamel surfaces by laser-ablation multi-collector ICP-MS. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 416, 142–149. · DOI
  55. Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sealy, J. C., & Van Der Merwe, N. J. (1989). Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science, 16(6), 585–599. · DOI
  56. Lejju, B. J., Robertshaw, P., & Taylor, D. (2006). Africa’s earliest bananas? Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(1), 102–113. · DOI
  57. Locke, M. (2008). Structure of ivory. Journal of Morphology, 269(4), 423–450. · DOI
  58. Loubser, H. N. (1993). Ndondondwane: The significance of features and finds from a ninth-century site on the lower Thukela River, Natal. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities, 5, 109–151.
  59. Maggs, T. (1980). Mzonjani and the beginning of the Iron Age in Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 24(1), 71–96.
  60. Maggs, T. (1984a). Iron age settlement and subsistence patterns in the Tugela river basin, Natal. In M. Hall, G. Avery, D. M. Avery, M. L. Wilson, & A. J. B. Humphreys (Eds.), Frontiers: Southern African archaeology (pp. 194–206). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 207.
  61. Maggs, T. (1984b). Ndondondwane: A preliminary report on an Early Iron Age site on the lower Tugela River. Annals of the Natal Museum, 26(1), 71–93.
  62. Maggs, T., & Michael, M. A. (1976). Ntshekane: An Early Iron Age site in the Tugela Basin, Natal. Southern African Humanities, 22(3), 705–740.
  63. Miller, D., & Whitelaw, G. (1994). Early Iron Age metal working from the site of KwaGandaganda, Natal, South Africa. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 49(160), 79–89. · DOI
  64. Mucina, L., & Rutherford, M. C. (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
  65. Murphy, B. P., & Bowman, D. M. (2006). Kangaroo metabolism does not cause the relationship between bone collagen δ15N and water availability. Functional Ecology, 20(6), 1062–1069. · DOI
  66. Murphy, B. P., & Bowman, D. M. (2009). The carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of Australian grasses in relation to climate. Functional Ecology, 23(6), 1040–1049. · DOI
  67. O’Connell, T. C., & Hedges, R. E. (1999). Investigations into the effect of diet on modern human hair isotopic values. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 108(4), 409–425. · DOI
  68. O’Connell-Rodwell, C. E., Rodwell, T., Rice, M., & Hart, L. A. (2000). Living with the modern conservation paradigm: Can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants? A five-year case study in East Caprivi, Namibia. Biological Conservation, 93(3), 381–391. · DOI
  69. Phillipson, D. W. (1977). The later prehistory of eastern and southern Africa. London: Heinemann.
  70. Pin, C., Briot, D., Bassin, C., & Poitrasson, F. (1994). Concomitant separation of strontium and samarium-neodymium for isotopic analysis in silicate samples, based on specific extraction chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 298(2), 209–217. · DOI
  71. Raath, A. (2014). An archaeological investigation of Zhizo/Leokwe foodways at Schroda and Pont Drift, Limpopo Valley, South Africa. PhD thesis, Yale University.
  72. Raubenheimer, E. J., Dauth, J., Dreyer, M. J., Smith, P. D., & Turner, M. L. (1990). Structure and composition of ivory of the African elephant (Loxondonta africana). South African Journal of Science, 86, 192–193.
  73. Raum, O. F. (1973). The social functions of avoidances and taboos among the Zulu. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. · DOI
  74. Reid, A., & Segobye, A. K. (2000). An ivory cache from Botswana. Antiquity, 74(284), 326–331. · DOI
  75. Russell, T., Silva, F., & Steele, J. (2014). Modelling the spread of farming in the Bantu-speaking regions of Africa: An archaeology-based phylogeography. PloS One, 9(1), e87854. · DOI
  76. Sealy, J. C., van der Merwe, N. J., Sillen, A., Kruger, F. J., & Krueger, H. W. (1991). 87Sr/86Sr as a dietary indicator in modern and archaeological bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 18(3), 399–416. · DOI
  77. Shaw, M. (1974). Material culture. In W. D. Hammond-Tooke (Ed.), The Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa (pp. 85–131). London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
  78. Sillen, A., Hall, G., Richardson, S., & Armstrong, R. (1998). 87Sr/86Sr ratios in modern and fossil food-webs of the Sterkfontein Valley: Implications for early hominid habitat preference. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(14), 2463–2473. · DOI · Paper page
  79. Sinclair, P., Ekblom, A., & Wood, M. (2012). Trade and society on the south-east African coast in the later first millennium AD: The case of Chibuene. Antiquity, 86(333), 723. · DOI · Paper page
  80. Sitati, N. W., Walpole, M. J., & Leader-Williams, N. (2005). Factors affecting susceptibility of farms to crop raiding by African elephants: Using a predictive model to mitigate conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6), 1175–1182. · DOI
  81. Skinner, J. D., & Chimimba, C. T. (2005). The mammals of the southern African sub-region. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. · DOI
  82. Sponheimer, M., Lee-Thorp, J. A., DeRuiter, D. J., Smith, J. M., van der Merwe, N. J., Reed, K., Grant, C. C., Ayliffe, L. K., Robinson, T. F., Heidelberger, C., & Marcus, W. (2003a). Diets of southern African Bovidae: Stable isotope evidence. Journal of Mammalogy, 84(2), 471–479. · DOI
  83. Sponheimer, M., Robinson, T., Ayliffe, L., Roeder, B., Hammer, J., Passey, B., West, A., Cerling, T., Dearing, D., & Ehleringer, J. (2003b). Nitrogen isotopes in mammalian herbivores: Hair δ15N values from a controlled feeding study. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(1–2), 80–87. · DOI
  84. Stager, J. C., Ryves, D. B., King, C., Madson, J., Hazzard, M., Neumann, F. H., & Maud, R. (2013). Late Holocene precipitation variability in the summer rainfall region of South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 67, 105–120. · DOI
  85. Stewart, J. R., Allen, R. B., Jones, A. K., Kendall, T., Penkman, K. E. H., Demarchi, B., O’Connor, T., & Collins, M. J. (2014). Walking on eggshells: A study of egg use in Anglo-Scandinavian York based on eggshell identification using ZooMS. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 24(3), 247–255. · DOI
  86. Steyn, M., & Nienaber, W. C. (2000). Iron Age human skeletal remains from the Limpopo Valley and Soutpansberg area. Goodwin Series, 112–116. · DOI
  87. Stone, M. L. (1972). Organized poaching in Kitui district: A failure in district authority, 1900 to 1960. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 5(3), 436–452. · DOI
  88. Tieszen, L. L., & Imbamba, S. K. (1980). Photosynthetic systems, carbon isotope discrimination and herbivore selectivity in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 18(4), 237–242. · DOI
  89. van der Merwe, N. J., Lee-Thorp, J. A., Thackeray, J. F., Hall-Martin, A., Kruger, F. J., Coetzee, H., Bell, R. H. V., & Lindeque, M. (1990). Source-area determination of elephant ivory by isotopic analysis. Nature, 346(6286), 744–746. · DOI
  90. van Doorn, N. L. (2014). Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS). In C. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global archaeology (pp. 7998–8000). New York: Springer. · DOI
  91. Van Klinken, G. J. (1999). Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(6), 687–695. · DOI
  92. van Schalkwyk, L. (1994). Wosi: An Early Iron Age village in the lower Thukela Basin, Natal. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities, 6, 65–117.
  93. Vogel, J. C. (1978). Isotope assessment of the dietary habits of ungulates. South African Journal of Science, 74(August), 298–301.
  94. Vogel, J. C., Eglington, B., & Auret, J. M. (1990). Isotope fingerprints in elephant bone and ivory. Nature, 346, 747–749. · DOI
  95. Voigt, E. A. (1983). Mapungubwe: An archaeozoological interpretation of an Iron Age community. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.
  96. Voigt, E. A. (1984). The faunal remains from Magogo and Mhlopeni: Small stock herding in the Early Iron Age of Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 26(1), 141–163.
  97. Voigt, E. A., & Peters, J. H. (1994). The faunal assemblage from Wosi in the Thukela Valley. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities, 6, 105–117.
  98. Voigt, E. A., & Plug, I. (1984). Happy Rest—the earliest Iron-Age fauna from the Soutpansberg. South African Journal of Science, 80(5), 221–227.
  99. Voigt, E. A., & von den Driesch, A. (1984). Preliminary report on the faunal assemblage from Ndondondwane, Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 26(1), 95–104.
  100. von Holstein, I. C., Ashby, S. P., van Doorn, N. L., Sachs, S. M., Buckley, M., Meiri, M., & Collins, M. J. (2014). Searching for Scandinavians in pre-Viking Scotland: Molecular fingerprinting of Early Medieval combs. Journal of Archaeological Science, 41, 1–6. · DOI · Paper page
  101. Whitelaw, G. (1994a). KwaGandaganda: settlement patterns in the Natal Early Iron Age. Southern African Humanities, 6, 1–64.
  102. Whitelaw, G. (1994b-95). Towards an Early Iron Age worldview: Some ideas from KwaZulu Natal. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 29(1), 37–50. · DOI
  103. Whitelaw, G. (2013). Pollution concepts and marriage for the southern African Iron Age. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 23(2), 203–225. · DOI
  104. Whitelaw, G. (2015). Economy and cosmology in the Iron Age of KwaZulu-Natal. PhD dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand. · DOI
  105. Whitelaw, G., & Moon, M. (1996). The ceramics and distribution of pioneer agriculturists in KwaZulu-Natal. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities, 8, 53–79.
  106. Wood, M. (2005). Glass beads and pre-European trade in the Shashe-Limpopo region. In MA thesis. Witwatersrand: University of the.
  107. Wood, M. (2011). Interconnections: Glass beads and trade in southern and eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean—7th to 16th centuries AD. Uppsala: Studies in Global Archaeology.
  108. Wood, M., Dussubieux, L., & Robertshaw, P. (2012). The glass of Chibuene, Mozambique: New insights into early Indian Ocean trade. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 67(195), 59–74.
  109. Wood, M., Panighello, S., Orsega, E. F., Robertshaw, P., van Elteren, J. T., Crowther, A., Horton, M., & Boivin, N. (2016). Zanzibar and Indian Ocean trade in the first millennium CE: The glass bead evidence. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. doi: 10.1007/s12520-015-0310-z . · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Coutu, A. N., Whitelaw, G., le Roux, P., & Sealy, J.
Venue
African Archaeological Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-10-01
Volume
33
Issue
4
Pages
411-435
ISSN
  • 0263-0338
  • 1572-9842
DOI
10.1007/s10437-016-9232-0
Cited by
76
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Funders
  • Seventh Framework Programme (PIOF-GA-2012-332165)
  • Claude Leon Foundation
  • South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review