A solution to the biodiversity paradox by logical deterministic cellular automata
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Abstract
The paradox of biological diversity is the key problem of theoretical ecology. The paradox consists in the contradiction between the competitive exclusion principle and the observed biodiversity. The principle is important as the basis for ecological theory. On a relatively simple model we show a mechanism of indefinite coexistence of complete competitors which violates the known formulations of the competitive exclusion principle. This mechanism is based on timely recovery of limiting resources and their spatio-temporal allocation between competitors. Because of limitations of the black-box modeling there was a problem to formulate the exclusion principle correctly. Our white-box multiscale model of two-species competition is based on logical deterministic individual-based cellular automata. This approach provides an automatic deductive inference on the basis of a system of axioms, and gives a direct insight into mechanisms of the studied system. It is one of the most promising methods of artificial intelligence. We reformulate and generalize the competitive exclusion principle and explain why this formulation provides a solution of the biodiversity paradox. In addition, we propose a principle of competitive coexistence.
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Biodiversity-related studies have explored modeling competition and population dynamics, often employing ML techniques like cellular automata.
“Biodiversity-related studies have explored modeling competition and population dynamics, often employing ML techniques like cellular automata [188].”
From Smarter eco-cities and their leading-edge artificial intelligence of things solutions for environmental sustainability: A comprehensive systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [188]
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- Authors
- Kalmykov, L. V., & Kalmykov, V. L.
- Affiliations
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L.
- Venue
- Acta Biotheoretica
- Published
- 2015-05-16
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 203-221
- ISSN
- 0001-5342 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8358
- OpenAlex
- W2950631708
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Biotheoretica (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Cellular Automata and Applications
- Keywords
- competitive exclusion, competitive coexistence, two-species competition, resource recovery, multiscale modeling, white-box modeling, deductive reasoning
- MeSH terms
- Cell Physiological Phenomena, Models, Theoretical, Population Dynamics, Species Specificity, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
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