The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.
Abstract
The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.
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Theory predicts that social dilemma scenarios lead to collective failure, described as the "tragedy of the commons."
“Because theory predicts that these scenarios lead to collective failure, they are described as the “tragedy of the commons” (G. Hardin, 1968).”
From Stories in Action. (2022) · cites this paper as G. Hardin, 1968
The emerging pattern in highly AI-exposed sectors is the commons analogue of Hardin's overgrazing problem.
“The emerging pattern in highly AI-exposed sectors thus represents the commons analogue of Hardin's (1968) overgrazing problem.”
From The Tragedy of the Cognitive Commons: How AI Could Disrupt the Regeneration of Professional Expertise (2026) · cites this paper as Hardin, 1968
When individual incentives diverge from collective welfare, social dilemmas emerge-classical tragedy-of-the-commons scenarios in which selfish use of shared resources degrades outcomes for all involved.
“When individual incentives diverge from collective welfare, social dilemmas emerge -classical tragedy-of-the-commons scenarios in which selfish use of shared resources degrades outcomes for all involved (Hardin, 1968;Dawes, 1980;Field & Ostrom, 1992).”
From Open Challenges in Multi-Agent Security: Towards Secure Systems of Interacting AI Agents (2025) · cites this paper as Hardin, 1968
In repeated settings, selfish recipients will maximize their own payoff in the short run, but it is in the collective long-term interest to ensure that obligations are met, in order to sustain future allocation.
“In repeated settings, selfish recipients will maximize their own payoff in the short run, but it is in the collective long-term interest to ensure that obligations are met, in order to sustain future allocation12,13.”
From Deep reinforcement learning can promote sustainable human behaviour in a common-pool resource problem (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
PoET is vulnerable to malicious attacks.
“In addition, PoET is vulnerable to malicious attacks [119].”
From A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions (2019) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Hardin, G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hardin, Garrett
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1968-12-13
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 3859
- Pages
- 1243-1248
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2226396244
- Cited by
- 25,167
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 748 · 2025: 920 · 2024: 970 · 2023: 1013 · 2022: 1034 · 2021: 1281 · 2020: 1388 · 2019: 1284 · 2018: 1175 · 2017: 1097 · 2016: 1018 · 2015: 985 · 2014: 1104 · 2013: 987 · 2012: 987
- FWCI
- 379.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Management
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental, Ecological, and Cultural Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Environmental Philosophy and Ethics
- Keywords
- tragedy of the commons, population problems, morality, resource depletion, population ethics
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