Smarter eco-cities and their leading-edge artificial intelligence of things solutions for environmental sustainability: A comprehensive systematic review

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Review studies on energy conservation and renewable energy contribute to understanding approaches and strategies for achieving energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy sources in different contexts.

“The review studies on energy conservation and renewable energy contribute to understanding various approaches and strategies for achieving energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy sources in different contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several reviews have been performed on AI and AIoT in improving or advancing the different areas of environmental sustainability and climate change.

“Several reviews have been performed on AI and AIoT in improving or advancing the different areas of environmental sustainability and climate change (Table 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Review studies on water resources conservation contribute to knowledge on water management practices, including efficient water use, water conservation strategies, and the impact of climate change on water resources.

“In the field of water resources conservation, review studies contribute to the knowledge on water management practices, including efficient water use, water conservation strategies, and the impact of climate change on water resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Review studies on biodiversity and ecosystem services provide insights into the importance of biodiversity conservation and the role of ecosystem services in sustaining human well-being.

“The review studies on biodiversity and ecosystem services provide insights into the importance of biodiversity conservation and the role of ecosystem services in sustaining human well-being.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The literature on AI and AIoT applications for environmental sustainability and climate change started to grow and extend across many domains and disciplines only more recently.

“It was not until more recently that the literature on AI and AIoT applications for environmental sustainability and climate change started to grow and extend across many domains and disciplines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Few review studies have been carried out on AIoT as an emerging technological area.

“Few review studies have been carried out on AIoT as an emerging technological area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Review studies on climate change adaptation and mitigation contribute to understanding the challenges and opportunities in addressing climate change impacts.

“In the domain of climate change adaptation and mitigation, review studies contribute to understanding the challenges and opportunities in addressing climate change impacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Studies on sustainable transportation highlight the potential of sustainable transportation solutions in reducing CO2 emissions, improving air quality, and enhancing urban mobility.

“These studies highlight the potential of sustainable transportation solutions in reducing CO2 emissions, improving air quality, and enhancing urban mobility.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Previous review studies on AI and environmental sustainability, AI and climate change, AI and smart cities, and AIoT have laid a strong foundation for understanding the opportunities, benefits, and challenges in creating environmentally sustainable and technologically advanced urban environments.

“The previous review studies on AI and environmental sustainability, AI and climate change, AI and smart cities, and AIoT have laid a strong foundation for understanding the opportunities, benefits, and challenges in creating environmentally sustainable and technologically advanced urban environments.”

May combine two claims.

Government regulations, financial incentives, public-private partnerships, and open data initiatives are among the policy instruments that facilitate the materialization of smart eco-cities.

“Among the policy instruments that facilitate the materialization of smart eco-cities [35,55,56,[154], [155], [156]] are:”

• cites [35,55,56,[154], [155], [156]]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Governance is at the core of smart eco-cities, and its key function is to make and implement policy.

“To put it differently, governance is at the core of smart eco-cities (e.g., Refs. [35,53,56,57,155]), and its key function is to make and implement policy.”

• cites [35] Caprotti F. Cowley R. Bailey I. Joss S. Sengers F. Raven R. Spaeth P. Jolivet E. Tan-Mullins M. Cheshmehzangi A. Smart Eco-City Development in Europe and China: Policy Directions 2017 University of Exter (SMART-ECO ProjectNot checked yet

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• cites [53] Bibri S.E. Krogstie J. Environmentally data-driven smart sustainable cities: applied innovative solutions for energy efficiency, pollution reduction, and urban metabolism Energy Informat. 3 1 2020 29 10.1186/s42162-020-00130-8 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [56] Späth P. Hawxwell T. John R. Li S. Löffler E. Riener V. Utkarsh S. Smart-eco Cities in Germany: Trends and City Profiles 2017 University of Exeter PressNot checked yet

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• cites [57] Bibri S.E. Krogstie J. Smart eco-city strategies and solutions for sustainability: the cases of royal seaport, Stockholm, and Western Harbor, Malmö, Sweden Urban Sci. 4 2020 11 10.3390/urbansci4010011 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [155] Kramers A. Wangel J. Höjer M. Governing the smart sustainable city: the case of the Stockholm Royal Seaport ICT Sustain. 46 2016 99 108 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Newly planned and ongoing eco-city project developments are increasingly trialing innovative smart technologies to improve several aspects of environmental sustainability and climate change.

“A recent comprehensive state-of-the-art review conducted by Bibri [27] on smart eco-cities reveals that the newly planned and ongoing eco-city project developments are increasingly trialing innovative smart technologies to improve several aspects of environmental sustainability and climate change.”

• cites [27] Bibri S.E. Data-driven smart eco-cities and sustainable integrated districts: a best-evidence synthesis approach to an extensive literature review Eur. J. For. Res. 9 1 2021 16 10.1186/s40309-021-00181-4Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

During 2012-2015, smart cities gained traction as a model for sustainable urban development, with great potential to improve environmental sustainability based on IoT and Big Data Technologies.

“During the period 2012–2015, smart cities gained traction as a model for sustainable urban development, with great potential to improve environmental sustainability based on IoT and Big Data Technologies (e.g., Ref. [[130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136]]).”

• cites [[130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136]]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The processes and practices of smart cities became "highly responsive to a form of data-driven urbanism".

“This was manifested in the processes and practices of smart cities becoming “highly responsive to a form of data-driven urbanism” [146].”

• cites [146] Kitchin R. The ethics of smart cities and urban science Phil. Trans. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 374 2083 2016 1 15 10.1098/rsta.2016.0115 PMC5124065 28336794Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

To become environmentally smarter and more sustainable, both smart cities and eco-cities have undergone large-scale digital transformation enabled by the convergence of IoT, Big Data, and AI technologies.

“To become environmentally smarter and more sustainable, both smart cities and eco-cities have undergone large-scale digital transformation enabled by the convergence of IoT, Big Data, and AI technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The energy transition model of Barcelona aims to produce a 100% certified renewable energy supply plan through smart energy.

“Similar to Stockholm City [53], the energy transition model of Barcelona as one of the leading smart cities in Europe, aims to produce a 100 % certified renewable energy supply plan through smart energy [154].”

• cites [154] Noori N. Hoppe T. de Jong M. Classifying pathways for smart city development: comparing design, governance and implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi Sustainability 12 10 2020 4030 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the early 2010s, numerous studies addressed the role of ICT in tackling the challenges of environmental sustainability in the realm of smart cities across various domains.

“Accordingly, in the early 2010s, numerous studies addressed the role of ICT in tackling the challenges of environmental sustainability in the realm of smart cities in various domains, notably:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Studies on marine resources management have provided new perspectives on tackling different relevant challenges and enhancing the sustainable management of marine resources.

“The studies on marine resources management have provided new perspectives on tackling different relevant challenges and enhancing the sustainable management of marine resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Disaster resilience studies have enhanced disaster resilience, enabling effective preparedness, response, and recovery measures.

“Disaster resilience studies have enhanced disaster resilience, enabling effective preparedness, response, and recovery measures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Outcomes of theoretical and literature review studies provide insights into development of evidence-based approaches for building more sustainable and resilient smart eco-cities.

“and their outcomes provide insights into the development of evidence-based approaches for building more sustainable and resilient smart eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Biodiversity-related studies have explored modeling competition and population dynamics, often employing ML techniques like cellular automata.

“Biodiversity-related studies have explored modeling competition and population dynamics, often employing ML techniques like cellular automata [188].”

• cites [188] Kalmykov L.V. Kalmykov V.L. A solution to the biodiversity paradox by logical deterministic cellular automata Acta Biotheor. 63 2 2015 203 221 10.1007/s10441-015-9257-9 25980478 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Overall, these empirical studies provide valuable insights and advancements in understanding climate change challenges in the context of emerging smarter eco-cities.

“Overall, these empirical studies provide valuable insights and advancements in understanding climate change challenges in the context of emerging smarter eco-cities.”

May combine two claims.

Regarding natural disaster analysis, key insights gained pertain to predicting and forecasting natural disasters, resilient infrastructure planning, and environmental hazard detection.

“Regarding natural disaster analysis, the key insights gained pertain to predicting and forecasting natural disasters, resilient infrastructure planning, and environmental hazard detection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In scenario analysis, various modeling techniques are used, including GANs, DL (CNNs and RNNs) and NLP, to create and analyze these scenarios.

“In scenario analysis, various modeling techniques are used, including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), DL (CNNs and RNNs) and NLP, to create and analyze these scenarios.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Research on sustainable transportation has provided insights into traffic management, transportation planning, and improving overall efficiency and sustainability of transportation systems.

“The research on sustainable transportation has provided insights into traffic management, transportation planning, and improving the overall efficiency and sustainability of transportation systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Research on scenario analysis has provided insights into climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation strategies; interdependencies and interactions between different aspects of sustainability; understanding and managing CO2 emissions; and enabling development of strategies for reducing carbon footprints.

“Specifically, the research on scenario analysis has provided insights into climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation strategies; the interdependencies and interactions between different aspects of sustainability; understanding and managing CO2 emissions; and enabling the development of strategies for reducing carbon footprints.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scenario analysis considers a range of potential future outcomes for climate change, including different levels of GHG emissions, temperature increases, sea-level rise, and other climate-related factors.

“It considers a range of potential future outcomes for climate change, including different levels of GHG emissions, temperature increases, sea-level rise, and other climate-related factors.”

May combine two claims.

The domain of disaster resilience has witnessed significant AI-driven contributions in prediction and forecasting and resilient infrastructure and urban planning.

“The domain of disaster resilience has witnessed significant AI-driven contributions in prediction and forecasting and resilient infrastructure and urban planning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Studies in biodiversity conservation contribute to understanding biodiversity and sustainable management of ecosystems.

“Concerning the studies in biodiversity conservation they contribute to our understanding of biodiversity and the sustainable management of ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scenario analysis focuses on developing and analyzing different scenarios of future climate conditions based on various parameters, data inputs, and assumptions.

“Furthermore, scenario analysis focuses on developing and analyzing different scenarios of future climate conditions based on various parameters, data inputs, and assumptions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Research on water resource conservation has provided insights into effective water resource management strategies.

“The research on water resource conservation has provided insights into effective water resource management strategies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Studies on energy conservation and renewable energy have contributed to optimizing energy operations, promoting energy efficiency, and fostering adoption of renewable energy technologies.

“Regarding energy conservation and renewable energy, the studies in this area have contributed to optimizing energy operations, promoting energy efficiency, and fostering the adoption of renewable energy technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This focus has yielded significant contributions to advancing smarter eco-cities.

“This focus has yielded significant contributions to advancing smarter eco-cities:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Theoretical and literature review studies collectively contribute to advancement of smarter eco-cities.

“Overall, these theoretical and literature review studies collectively contribute to the advancement of smarter eco-cities”

May combine two claims.

Many more studies were conducted during the second period, indicating increased scholarly interest in climate change and its relation to AI and AIoT.

“Many more studies were conducted during the second period, indicating increased scholarly interest in climate change and its relation to AI and AIoT.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Extensive research conducted during the second period highlights the urgency of addressing climate change.

“Extensive research conducted during the second period highlights the urgency of addressing climate change as cities contribute significantly to CO2 emissions through high energy consumption.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: High energy consumption in urban areas contributes significantly to GHG and CO2 emissions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Compared to the first period, AI, AIoT, and Blockchain technologies have proliferated and expanded, attracting more research interest, especially with their applications in smart cities.

“Compared to the first period, AI, AIoT, and Blockchain technologies have proliferated and expanded, attracting more research interest, especially with their applications in smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some studies proposed benchmark datasets with additional modeling components for better climate change prediction.

“Some studies proposed benchmark datasets with additional modeling components for better climate change prediction [243].”

• cites [243] Buis A. Study confirms climate models are getting future warming projections right 2020 https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2943/study-confirms-climate-models-are-getting-future-warming-projections-right/Google.Scholar 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Research on biodiversity and conservation is instrumental in supporting the development of eco-friendly and sustainable environments.

“The research on biodiversity and conservation is instrumental in supporting the development of eco-friendly and sustainable environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Studies on clean water security and resource conservation are pivotal for ensuring sustainable water resource management.

“Studies on clean water security and resource conservation are pivotal for ensuring sustainable water resource management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Research on sustainable transportation plays a crucial role in promoting eco-friendly and efficient urban transport systems.

“The research in sustainable transportation research plays a crucial role in promoting eco-friendly and efficient urban transport systems.”

May combine two claims.

Energy conservation and air quality efforts continued to attract AI research during COVID-19, encompassing pollution reduction and prevention, pollution monitoring, pollutant filtering and capture, air quality prediction, early hazard warning, promotion of clean and renewable energy sources, and environmental quality control.

“Energy conservation and air quality efforts encompass pollution reduction and prevention, pollution monitoring, pollutant filtering and capture, air quality prediction, and early hazard warning, as well as the promotion of clean and renewable energy sources (e.g., Ref. [21,86,87,99,[221], [222], [223], [224]]) and environmental quality control [225].”

• cites [21,86,87,99,[221], [222], [223], [224]]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [225] Liu Z. Yang Z. Osmani M. The relationship between sustainable built environment, art therapy and therapeutic design in promoting health and well-being Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 18 20 2021 10906 Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/20/10906 PMC8535433 34682646 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The rapidly growing body of research in environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities has made further valuable contributions and advancements in the context of emerging smarter eco-cities, enhancing and extending the knowledge gained for the strategies and solutions for addressing and overcoming environmental challenges.

“The rapidly growing body of research in environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities has made further valuable contributions and advancements in the context of emerging smarter eco-cities, enhancing and extending the knowledge gained for the strategies and solutions for addressing and overcoming environmental challenges.”

May combine two claims.

This increase and expansion pertain to energy conservation and renewable energy, water resources conservation, sustainable transport and mobility, biodiversity conservation, pollution control, climate adaptation and mitigation, and disaster management and resilience.

“This increase and expansion pertain to energy conservation and renewable energy, water resources conservation, sustainable transport and mobility, biodiversity conservation, pollution control, climate adaptation and mitigation, and disaster management and resilience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There was a shift during this period in academic interest from focusing on environmental sustainability challenges toward focusing on the massive deployment and implementation of digital technologies and applied solutions offered by smart cities.

“There was a shift during this period in academic interest from focusing on environmental sustainability challenges toward focusing on the massive deployment and implementation of digital technologies and applied solutions offered by smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Data-driven insights enhance the effectiveness of environmental strategies, ultimately contributing to creating more resilient, livable, and environmentally friendly urban environments.

“Data-driven insights enhance the effectiveness of environmental strategies, ultimately contributing to creating more resilient, livable, and environmentally friendly urban environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The fundamental concepts underpinning smarter eco-cities are intricately interconnected and build one on another on various scales.

“The study showed that the fundamental concepts underpinning smarter eco-cities are intricately interconnected and build one on another on various scales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Environmental solutions focus on optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing ecological footprint.

“Data-driven technologies enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and decision-making, while environmental solutions focus on optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing ecological footprint.”

May combine two claims.

Key challenges in implementing AI and AIoT solutions for emerging smarter eco-cities include environmental costs, privacy concerns related to data collection and usage, cybersecurity risks related to interconnected systems, public trust and social acceptance, limited technical expertise and knowledge, lack of robust regulatory frameworks for ethical and responsible AI and AIoT deployment, and the

“The study identified and evaluated the key challenges pertaining to environmental costs, privacy concerns related to data collection and usage, cybersecurity risks related to interconnected systems, public trust, and social acceptance, limited technical expertise and knowledge, the lack of robust regulatory frameworks to ensure ethical and responsible AI and AIoT deployment and the requirement for”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

AI and AIoT technologies offer opportunities and benefits in environmental sustainability, including optimized resource management, increased energy efficiency, enhanced waste management, improved transportation and mobility management, reduced environmental impacts, increased resilience to environmental challenges, enhanced decision-making in urban management and planning, and the potential for创建

“The study identified the opportunities and benefits offered by AI and AIoT technologies in the context of environmental sustainability.”

May combine two claims.

AI and AIoT technologies have many applied solutions in urban planning, management, and development, encompassing energy conservation and renewable energy, sustainable transportation management, traffic control, water resources conservation, waste management for efficient resource utilization, biodiversity and ecosystem services, environmental monitoring and control, climate change adaptation and,

“The study identified many applied solutions of AI and AIoT technologies, demonstrating their role in urban planning, management, and development.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “These solutions encompass energy conservation and renewable energy, sustainable transportation management, traffic control, water resources conservation, waste management for efficient resource utilization, biodiversity and ecosystem services, environmental monitoring and control, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and disaster resilience and management.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The key underlying urbanism paradigms, smart cities and eco-cities, serve as the foundation for integrating data-driven technologies and environmental solutions.

“The key underlying urbanism paradigms, namely smart cities and eco-cities, serve as the foundation for integrating data-driven technologies and environmental solutions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Data-driven technologies enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and decision-making.

“Data-driven technologies enable real-time monitoring, analysis, and decision-making, while environmental solutions focus on optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing ecological footprint.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study evaluated the quality and relevance of the selected documents through a critical appraisal process.

“Moreover, we evaluated the quality and relevance of the selected documents through a critical appraisal process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Smarter eco-cities prioritize environmental sustainability, employing cutting-edge technologies and innovative approaches to energy, waste, water, transportation, and urban planning to create more resilient, sustainable, and technologically advanced urban environments.

“They prioritize environmental sustainability, employing cutting-edge technologies and innovative approaches to energy, waste, water, transportation, and urban planning to create more resilient, sustainable, and technologically advanced urban environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

No review study has systematically analyzed and synthesized the existing corpus of knowledge regarding the interconnections and synergies between environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities, coupled with their intersection with smart eco-cities with respect to AI and AIoT technologies and solutions.

“Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, no review study has systematically analyzed and synthesized the existing corpus of knowledge regarding the interconnections and synergies between these three domains, coupled with their intersection with smart eco-cities with respect to AI and AIoT technologies and solutions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

AIoT has become integral to the functioning of smart cities and smarter eco-cities.

“Similar to AI, AIoT has become integral to the functioning of smart cities and, hence, smarter eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While smart cities hold great potential for advancing sustainable urban development, they pose significant challenges that require a comprehensive approach to build successful and inclusive ecosystems.

“Overall, while smart cities hold great potential for advancing sustainable urban development, they pose significant challenges that require a comprehensive approach to build successful and inclusive ecosystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Ensuring the security and privacy of smart city infrastructure is paramount.

“In addition, with the extensive use of data and connected devices in smart cities, ensuring the security and privacy of their infrastructure becomes paramount.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

SCOPUS was selected because it has broad coverage of 455 high-quality peer-reviewed studies related to the topic that meet strict standards for rigor.

“Among the available pool of academic research databases, SCOPUS was selected given its broad coverage of 455 high-quality peer-reviewed studies related to the topic on focus that meets strict standards for rigor.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

AIoT has demonstrated innovative potential in addressing complex environmental challenges.

“Notably, it has demonstrated innovative potential in addressing complex environmental challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

AIoT is poised to offer innovative solutions to the mounting environmental challenges confronting smart cities and smart eco-cities.

“In this context, AIoT is poised to offer innovative solutions to the mounting environmental challenges confronting smart cities and, by extension, smart eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The synthesis approach integrated configurative, aggregative, and narrative synthesis as qualitative analytical approaches.

“The synthesis approach applied seamlessly integrated configurative, aggregative, and narrative synthesis as qualitative analytical approaches.”

May combine two claims.

The experimentation within eco-cities extends beyond climate change to encompass energy transition, resource conservation, transport efficiency, biodiversity conservation, and experimental simulation and modeling.

“The experimentation within eco-cities extends beyond climate change to encompass energy transition, resource conservation, transport efficiency, biodiversity conservation, and experimental simulation and modeling [[37], [38], [39]].”

• cites [[37], [38], [39]]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The impact of AI on urban systems and activities has been consistently expanding.

“The impact of AI on urban systems and activities has been consistently expanding [7,8], with its computing capabilities experiencing exponential growth to accommodate the mounting influx of data from diverse sources facilitated by IoT.”

• cites [7] Lu H. Li Y. Chen M. Kim H. Serikawa S.J.M.N. Applications Brain intelligence: go beyond artificial intelligence Mobile Network. Appl. 23 2 2018 368 375 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [8] Batty M. Artificial intelligence and smart cities Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. 45 1 2018 3 6 10.1177/2399808317751169 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several studies highlight the importance of addressing data security and privacy issues and device-level vulnerability in the context of smart cities.

“Several studies (e.g., Ref. [47,48]) highlight the importance of addressing data security and privacy issues and device-level vulnerability in the context of smart cities.”

• cites [47] Haque A.B. Bhushan B. Dhiman G. Conceptualizing smart city applications: requirements, architecture, security issues, and emerging trends Expet Syst. 39 5 2022 e12753Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [48] Manchanda C. Sharma N. Rathi R. Bhushan B. Grover M. Neoteric security and privacy sanctuary technologies in smart cities 2020 IEEE 9th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies 2020 CSNT) Gwalior, India 236 241 10.1109/CSNT48778.2020.9115780Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The centralized infrastructure of IoT is grappling with significant challenges, primarily driven by the extensive strain imposed by the immense volume of data being generated and processed.

“The centralized infrastructure of IoT is grappling with significant challenges, primarily driven by the extensive strain imposed by the immense volume of data being generated and processed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The AI/AIoT-driven system consists of five pillars: sensing, perceiving, learning, visualizing, and acting.

“The AI/AIoT-driven system consists of five pillars: (1) sensing, (2) perceiving, (3) learning, (4) visualizing, and (5) acting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AIoT enables autonomous and intelligent decision-making by IoT devices, enabling them to learn, adapt, and optimize operations in response to shifting environmental conditions and user requirements.

“Most notably in certain domains, AIoT paves the way for autonomous and intelligent decision-making by IoT devices, enabling them to learn, adapt, and optimize operations in response to shifting environmental conditions and user requirements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These strategies and principles form the fundamental driving forces behind the evolution of smart eco-cities.

“These strategies and principles, in turn, form the fundamental driving forces behind the evolution of smart eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is a need to explore the specific intersection of AI and AIoT technologies and existing smart eco-cities and their underlying multifaceted dimensions.

“However, with the rapid advancement of AI and AIoT technologies, there is a need to explore the specific intersection of these technologies and existing smart eco-cities and their underlying multifaceted dimensions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smarter eco-cities emphasize a more holistic and comprehensive approach to urban development by integrating the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability.

“They also emphasize a more holistic and comprehensive approach to urban development by integrating the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The full period 2015-2023 captures the multifaceted nature of the topic of smarter eco-cities from the perspective of AI and AIoT technologies concerning environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities.

“The full period, 2015–2023, captures the multifaceted nature of the topic of smarter eco-cities from the perspective of AI and AIoT technologies concerning environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study followed the PRISMA approach for literature search and selection.

“Regarding stages 2 and 3, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) approach for literature search and selection [[111], [112]].”

• cites [111] Moher D. Liberati A. Tetzlaff J. Altman D.G. The P.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement PLoS Med. 6 7 2009 e1000097 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 PMC2707599 19621072 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [112] Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., Chou.R, Glanville J., Grimshaw J.M., Hróbjartsson A., Lalu M.M., Li T., Loder E.W., Mayo-Wilson E., McDonald S. et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. 10.1136/bmj.n71. PMC8005924 33782057 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Coordinating and integrating various domains to create a cohesive and integrated smart city ecosystem is a complex challenge.

“Furthermore, coordinating and integrating various domains to create a cohesive and integrated smart city ecosystem is a complex challenge.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

AI is rapidly reshaping both the technological and urban landscapes, serving as a pivotal driving force behind the advancement of smart cities and smart eco-cities.

“AI is rapidly reshaping both the technological and urban landscapes, serving as a pivotal driving force behind the advancement of smart cities and smart eco-cities (e.g., Ref. [[1], [2], [3], [4]]).”

• cites [[1], [2], [3], [4]]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The emerging field of AI and AIoT presents new possibilities for tackling the complexity of ecological degradation and the climate crisis in urban areas.

“The emerging field of AI and AIoT presents new possibilities for tackling the complexity of ecological degradation and the climate crisis in urban areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smarter eco-cities represent an evolution or advancement of smart eco-cities.

“Smarter eco-cities represent an evolution or advancement of smart eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI and AIoT technologies hold immense potential yet to unlock, but they pose environmental risks and amplify a spectrum of societal, ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges.

“However, it is worth acknowledging that while AI and AIoT technologies hold immense potential yet to unlock, they pose environmental risks and amplify a spectrum of societal, ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AIoT capitalizes on the synergies between AI and IoT technologies, facilitating more intelligent and efficient data processing, analysis, and decision-making.

“To begin with, AIoT capitalizes on the synergies between AI and IoT technologies, facilitating more intelligent and efficient data processing, analysis, and decision-making (e.g., Ref. [[9], [10], [11]]).”

• cites [[9], [10], [11]]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

After excluding overlaps, 230 documents remained; 12 papers were excluded; 17 other relevant papers were added; the final database included 235 documents.

“After excluding overlaps, 230 documents remained in the database. These were checked, and 12 papers were excluded as they did not include information on the relationships in question.”

• Also stated in: § Materials and methods · plain

  “Accordingly, the reference sections of the remaining papers were checked, and 17 other relevant papers were added to the final database, which included 235 documents in total.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The body of literature exploring AI and AIoT solutions within the realm of environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities is rapidly expanding.

“The body of literature exploring AI and AIoT solutions within the realm of environmental sustainability, climate change, and smart cities is rapidly expanding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Smarter eco-cities go a step further by incorporating social and economic dimensions, leveraging emerging AI and IoT technologies for a more holistic approach to urban development.

“Smarter eco-cities go a step further by incorporating social and economic dimensions, leveraging emerging AI and IoT technologies for a more holistic approach to urban development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This lack of clarity has led to confusion and inconsistency in the planning and implementation of smart city initiatives.

“This lack of clarity has led to confusion and inconsistency in the planning and implementation of smart city initiatives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While smart cities focus on technology-driven urban development, smart eco-cities place a stronger emphasis on achieving environmental sustainability through IoT and Big Data technologies.

“In sum, while smart cities focus on technology-driven urban development, smart eco-cities place a stronger emphasis on achieving environmental sustainability through IoT and Big Data technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While a few recent review studies have taken a broader perspective on smart eco-cities, none have ventured into exploring their emerging technological and environmental solutions from an integrative perspective.

“Furthermore, while a few recent review studies have taken a broader perspective on smart eco-cities, none have ventured into exploring their emerging technological and environmental solutions from an integrative perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Existing smart city infrastructures are not designed to support the integration of advanced technologies and data-driven systems.

“Moreover, the existing smart city infrastructures are not designed to support the integration of advanced technologies and data-driven systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Smarter eco-cities leverage the advanced technologies and solutions offered by smarter cities, notably AI and AIoT, to optimize urban systems and address complex challenges in a more integrated and intelligent manner.

“They leverage the advanced technologies and solutions offered by smarter cities, notably AI and AIoT, to optimize urban systems and address complex challenges in a more integrated and intelligent manner.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The social, ethical, political, legal, and regulatory challenges facing smart cities have shown to be difficult to deal with.

“More so, the social, ethical, political, legal, and regulatory challenges facing smart cities have shown to be difficult to deal with.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is a strong interconnection between smart cities and eco-cities; they have significantly influenced one another over the last decade, particularly in the domains of environmental sustainability and climate change.

“Fundamentally, however, there is a strong interconnection between smart cities and eco-cities in that they have significantly influenced one another over the last decade, particularly in the domains of environmental sustainability and climate change.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Harnessing actionable insights from data necessitates the integration of AI models and algorithms to effectively manage the data flow, storage, and processing inherent in the IoT infrastructure.

“Harnessing actionable insights from these data necessitates the integration of AI models and algorithms to effectively manage the data flow, storage, and processing inherent in the IoT infrastructure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One of the primary problems in smart cities is the lack of a standardized definition.

“As mentioned earlier, one of the primary problems in this regard is the lack of a standardized definition for smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI and AIoT technologies have impacted smart eco-cities, catalyzing ongoing improvements and driving solutions to address complex environmental challenges.

“These strides have, in turn, impacted smart eco-cities, catalyzing ongoing improvements and driving solutions to address complex environmental challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

AI and AIoT technologies have the potential to enhance and optimize the environmental performance and efficiency of smart cities.

“The recent advancements made in the realms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) have unveiled transformative prospects and opportunities to enhance and optimize the environmental performance and efficiency of smart cities.”

May combine two claims.

AI advancements in waste management can improve resource efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and promote sustainable waste management practices.

“These advancements can improve resource efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and promote sustainable waste management practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eco-cities have long been associated with environmental sustainability and climate change, serving as a well-established paradigm of sustainable urbanism.

“Eco-cities have long been associated with these two domains, serving as a well-established paradigm of sustainable urbanism (e.g., Ref. [[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33]]).”

• cites [[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33]]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AIoT holds the potential to improve resource efficiency, reduce energy consumption, streamline waste management, enhance transportation management, conserve biodiversity, and mitigate environmental impacts.

“AIoT holds the potential to unlock avenues for improving resource efficiency, reducing energy consumption, streamlining waste management, enhancing transportation management, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating environmental impacts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The literature search was conducted in late March 2023 and returned 455 documents covering 2015 to 2023.

“The literature search was conducted in late March 2023 and returned 455 documents covering 2015 to 2023.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart cities face several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their successful implementation as well as their integration with other emerging paradigms of urbanism.

“However, smart cities face several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their successful implementation as well as their integration with other emerging paradigms of urbanism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is a significant gap in thoroughly understanding the new paradigm of smarter eco-cities and the intricate spectrum of its multifaceted underlying dimensions.

“However, there remains a significant gap in thoroughly understanding this new paradigm and the intricate spectrum of its multifaceted underlying dimensions.”

May combine two claims.

Policy exercises a strong shaping role in what sustainable development for cities is understood to be, which helps explain the considerable differences in priorities and approaches across countries.

“As revealed by Joss and Cowley [304], based on a comparative case study analysis, policy is found to exercise a strong shaping role in what sustainable development for cities is understood to be, which helps explain the considerable differences in priorities and approaches across countries.”

• cites Joss and Cowley [304] Joss S. Cowley R. National policies for local urban sustainability: a new governance approach? Eames M. Dixon T. Hunt M. Lannon S. Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow’s World 2017 Wiley-Blackwell OxfordNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Public-private partnerships leverage expertise, resources, and funding to implement smart applications successfully.

“Public-private partnerships: Governments can partner with technology and energy companies, research institutions, and industry stakeholders to develop and implement sustainable solutions. These partnerships leverage expertise, resources, and funding to implement smart applications successfully.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Policy instruments play a crucial role in shaping and guiding the development of smart eco-cities.

“However, policy instruments play a crucial role in shaping and guiding the development of smart eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pasichnyi et al. propose a novel data-driven smart approach to the strategic planning of retrofitting building energy that allows a holistic city-level analysis and assesses change in total energy demand from large-scale retrofitting.

“Pasichnyi et al. [153] propose, as part of case study research, a novel data-driven smart approach to the strategic planning of retrofitting building energy that allows a holistic city-level analysis and assesses change in total energy demand from large-scale retrofitting.”

• cites [153] Pasichnyi O. Levihn F. Shahrokni H. Wallin J. Kordas O. Data-driven strategic planning of building energy retrofitting: the case of Stockholm J. Clean. Prod. 233 2019 546 560 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This digital transformation has occurred at varying degrees and in different periods, given the specific focus of smart cities and eco-cities in terms of strategies, solutions, and policies.

“This has occurred at varying degrees and in different periods, given the specific focus of these two paradigms of urbanism in terms of strategies, solutions, and policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Policy frameworks, regulations, and incentives create an enabling environment for implementing sustainable practices and innovative technologies and ensure the effective integration of smart solutions into urban environments.

“Policy frameworks, regulations, and incentives create an enabling environment for implementing sustainable practices and innovative technologies and ensure the effective integration of smart solutions into urban environments.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The effective use of policy instruments is essential in harnessing the full potential of technological advancements and addressing environmental challenges to realize the vision of smart eco-cities.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smart eco-cities are a potential niche where environmental and economic reforms can be tested and introduced in areas which are both spatially proximate and in an international context through networks of knowledge, technology and policy transfer and learning.

“as “a potential niche where environmental and economic reforms can be tested and introduced in areas which are both spatially proximate … and in an international context … through networks of knowledge, technology and policy transfer and learning” ([56], p. 1).”

• cites [56] Späth P. Hawxwell T. John R. Li S. Löffler E. Riener V. Utkarsh S. Smart-eco Cities in Germany: Trends and City Profiles 2017 University of Exeter PressNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Government regulations mandate specific sustainability standards and requirements for smart eco-city development, such as setting energy efficiency targets for buildings, enforcing waste management practices, and promoting renewable energy integration.

“Government regulations: The government enacts regulations that mandate specific sustainability standards and requirements for smart eco-city development, e.g., setting energy efficiency targets for buildings, enforcing waste management practices, and promoting renewable energy integration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One of the key roles of urban policy - as a set of plans, laws, rules, regulations, and actions - lies in aligning and mobilizing the stakeholders involved in the governance of smart eco-cities.

“One of the key roles of urban policy — as a set of plans, laws, rules, regulations, and actions — lies in aligning and mobilizing the stakeholders involved in the governance of smart eco-cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Smart eco-cities require targeted policies to drive progress in various environmental sustainability areas and effectively implement innovative data-driven solutions.

“Smart eco-cities require targeted policies to drive progress in various environmental sustainability areas and effectively implement innovative data-driven solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Expert systems are associated with the capability of AI to solve complex problems, e.g., assessment of climate change impacts, and to aid decision-making by relying on specific knowledge derived from databases.

“Regarding the latter, expert systems are associated with the capability of AI to solve complex problems, e.g., assessment of climate change impacts, and to aid decision-making by relying on specific knowledge derived from databases [17].”

• cites [17] Nishant R. Kennedy M. Corbett J. Artificial intelligence for sustainability: challenges, opportunities, and a research agenda Int. J. Inf. Manag. 53 2020 102104Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Studies by Cheng and Hoang [305], Choubin et al. [202], and Ji et al. [203] have advanced the field by employing different AI models and techniques.

“The studies carried out by Cheng and Hoang [305], Choubin et al. [202], and Ji et al. [203] have advanced the field by employing different AI models and techniques.”

• cites Cheng and Hoang [305]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Choubin et al. [202] Choubin B. Borji M. Mosavi A. Sajedi-Hosseini F. Singh V.P. Shamshirband S. Snow avalanche hazard prediction using machine learning methods J. Hydrol. 577 2019 123929 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123929Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ji et al. [203] Ji L. Wang Z. Chen M. Fan S. Wang Y. Shen Z. How much can AI techniques improve surface air temperature forecast? —a report from AI challenger 2018 global weather forecast contest J. Meteorol. Res. 33 5 2019 989 992 10.1007/s13351-019-9601-0Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This body of research underscores the critical role of AI in addressing climate change challenges, highlighting its potential to inform smarter eco-city initiatives and promote sustainable urban development.

“This body of research underscores the critical role of AI in addressing climate change challenges, highlighting its potential to inform smarter eco-city initiatives and promote sustainable urban development.”

May combine two claims.

AI models and techniques employed in disaster resilience include ML in predictive modeling, pattern recognition, and damage assessment; NLP in sentiment analysis and information extraction; CV in image analysis and object recognition; AI-driven GIS in spatial analysis and mapping and visualization; reinforcement learning in resource allocation optimization; and DSS in dynamic resource allocation.

“Among these are ML in predictive modeling, pattern recognition, and damage assessment; NLP in sentiment analysis and information extraction; CV in image analysis and object recognition; AI-driven Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in spatial analysis and mapping and visualization; reinforcement learning in resource allocation optimization; and DSS in dynamic resource allocation.”

• cites Cheng and Hoang [305]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Choubin et al. [202] Choubin B. Borji M. Mosavi A. Sajedi-Hosseini F. Singh V.P. Shamshirband S. Snow avalanche hazard prediction using machine learning methods J. Hydrol. 577 2019 123929 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123929Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ji et al. [203] Ji L. Wang Z. Chen M. Fan S. Wang Y. Shen Z. How much can AI techniques improve surface air temperature forecast? —a report from AI challenger 2018 global weather forecast contest J. Meteorol. Res. 33 5 2019 989 992 10.1007/s13351-019-9601-0Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AIoT has been deployed in multiple ways to help users efficiently manage energy to reduce cost as well as energy producers optimize their equipment for better service delivery.

“AIoT has been deployed in multiple ways to help users efficiently manage energy to reduce cost as well as energy producers optimize their equipment for better service delivery [219].”

• cites [219] Antonopoulos I. Robu V. Couraud B. Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches to energy demand-side response: a systematic review Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 130 2020 109899 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Some AI models and techniques used in marine resources management include ML, DL (e.g., CNNs and RNNs), GA, and ML-based SDMs, NLP, time series forecasting, AUVs and ROVs, and DSS.

“Some of these models and techniques include ML, DL (e.g., CNNs and RNNs), GA, and ML-based Species Distribution Models (SDMs), NLP, time series forecasting, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), and DSS.”

• cites Lu et al. [204] Lu H. Li H. Liu T. Fan Y. Yuan Y. Xie M. Qian X. Simulating heavy metal concentrations in an aquatic environment using artificial intelligence models and physicochemical indexes Sci. Total Environ. 694 2019 133591 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133591 31386956Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wang et al. [205] Wang P. Yao J. Wang G. Hao F. Shrestha S. Xue B. Exploring the application of artificial intelligence technology for identification of water pollution characteristics and tracing the source of water quality pollutants Sci. Total Environ. 693 2019 133440 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.246 31374492Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Overall, IoT's technical capabilities within the AIoT framework enable comprehensive data collection, analysis, and automation, fostering environmentally sustainable practices and informed decision-making across various domains.

“Overall, IoT's technical capabilities within the AIoT framework enable comprehensive data collection, analysis, and automation, fostering environmentally sustainable practices and informed decision-making across various domains.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: IoT devices equipped with sensors and actuators collect real-time data on environmental parameters.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: IoT enables seamless data transmission to centralized platforms such as cloud computing.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI algorithms process IoT-generated data to identify patterns, anomalies, and trends.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI-driven predictive models utilize historical and real-time IoT-driven data to forecast environmental changes.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: IoT's integration with AI allows for autonomous control of systems and processes.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI algorithms optimize resource allocation and utilization.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: IoT-enabled devices can be remotely controlled and monitored.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

AI models can identify potential issues in advance by analyzing data patterns, allowing for timely maintenance and minimizing downtime.

“AI models can identify potential issues in advance by analyzing data patterns, allowing for timely maintenance and minimizing downtime.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These techniques (PSO, ANN, BSA, GA, nearest neighborhood search) still lack precision and require a long execution time.

“However, these techniques still lack precision and require a long execution time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A DL-based framework can predict future energy consumption in smart residential homes and industries, where the IoT network is connected to smart grids to maintain energy demand and supply activities effectively.

“To solve the load forecasting problem in energy management, Han et al. [250] propose a DL–based framework to predict future energy consumption in smart residential homes and industries, where the IoT network is connected to smart grids to maintain energy demand and supply activities effectively.”

• cites [250] Han T. Muhammad K. Hussain T. An efficient deep learning framework for intelligent energy management in IoT networks IEEE IoT J 8 2020 3170 3179Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI applications for transport system management include shared autonomous mobility-on-demand, autonomous cities, and autonomous vehicles.

“AI applications related to the latter theme also include the management of transport systems of cities in terms of shared autonomous mobility-on-demand [245], autonomous cities [246], and autonomous vehicles (e.g., Ref. [[247], [248], [249]]).”

• cites [245] M. Gueriau, F. Cugurullo, R. A. Acheampong and I. Dusparic, "Shared Autonomous Mobility on Demand: A Learning-Based Approach and Its Performance in the Presence of Traffic Congestion," in IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 208-218, winter 2020, doi: 10.1109/MITS.2020.3014417.J.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [246] Cugurullo F. Urban artificial intelligence: from automation to autonomy in the smart city Front. Sustain. Cities 2 2020 38 10.3389/frsc.2020.00038 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [[247], [248], [249]]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

AIoT using DL is applied in smart transportation (e.g., traffic participants, traffic infrastructures, connected logistics, and in-car driver behavior monitoring) and smart grids (grid fault diagnosis, building management and optimization, load monitoring and scheduling, and cyber-attack detection).

“Moreover, Zhang and Tao [13] synthesize several studies on the application of AIoT using DL in smart transportation (e.g., traffic participants, traffic infrastructures, connected logistics, and in-car driver behavior monitoring) as well as smart grids (grid fault diagnosis, building management and optimization, load monitoring and scheduling, and cyber-attack detection).”

• cites [13] Zhang J. Tao D. Empowering things with intelligence: a survey of the progress, challenges, and opportunities in artificial intelligence of things IEEE Internet Things J. 8 10 2021 7789 7817 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3039359 15 May15 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blockchain's core attributes (anonymity, transparency, auditability, permanence, persistence, decentralization) collectively translate into improved operational performance, efficiency gains, and cost reductions.

“Moreover, it is distinguished by its core attributes, including anonymity, transparency, auditability, permanence, persistence, and decentralization, which collectively translate into improved operational performance, efficiency gains, and cost reductions [258,260].”

• cites [258] Lampropoulos G. Siakas K. Viana J. Reinhold O. Artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data analytics, machine learning and data mining in traditional CRM and Social CRM: a critical review The 21st IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) 2022 504 510 10.1109/WI-IAT55865.2022.00080 Niagara Falls, CanadaNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [260] Zheng Z. Xie S. Dai H.N. Chen X. Wang H. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey Int. J. Web Grid Serv. 14 4 2018 352 10.1504/ijwgs.2018.095647 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI models can enable powerful decision support systems (DSS) for waste management.

“Also, AI models can enable powerful DSS for waste management.”

May combine two claims.

Implementing AI-driven solutions can improve the sustainability of future cities and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.

“Overall, it demonstrates that implementing AI-driven solutions can improve the sustainability of future cities and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI contributes to operationalizing transport systems via mobility-as-a-service (MaaS).

“operationalizing transport systems via mobility-as-a-service (MaaS).”

• cites [244] Yigitcanlar T. Desouza K.C. Butler L. Roozkhosh F. Contributions and risks of artificial intelligence (AI) in building smarter cities: insights from a systematic review of the literature Energies 13 6 2020 1473 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

AIoT applications are converging in smart cities.

“Furthermore, AIoT applications are converging in smart cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

During 2020-2021, COVID-19-related publications received 20% of all citations, and 98 of the 100 most-cited publications were associated with COVID-19.

“Worth pointing out is that, during 2020–2021, COVID-19-related publications received 20 % of all citations, and 98 of the 100 most-cited publications were associated with COVID-19 [1].”

• cites [1] Bibri S.E. Alahi A. Sharifi A. Krogstie J. Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review Energy Inform 6 2023 9 10.1186/s42162-023-00259-2 2023 37032812 PMC10074362 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The deployment of AIoT at the network edge and secure trust models offer potential solutions for the real-time processing of sensor data to enable fast response to complex scenarios, such as obstacle avoidance and velocity adaptation.

“Concerning the latter, the deployment of AIoT at the network edge and secure trust models offer potential solutions for the real-time processing of sensor data to enable fast response to complex scenarios, such as obstacle avoidance and velocity adaptation [10].”

• cites [10] Seng K.P. Ang L.M. Ngharamike E. Artificial intelligence Internet of Things: a new paradigm of distributed sensor networks Int. J. Distributed Sens. Netw. 18 3 2022 10.1177/15501477211062835Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Smart cities are embracing AI and AIoT solutions developed initially for the different areas of environmental sustainability and climate change as separate fields.

“This also implies that smart cities are embracing AI and AIoT solutions developed initially for the different areas of environmental sustainability and climate change as separate fields.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blockchain has been used by many governments to improve environmental sustainability.

“It has been used by many governments to improve environmental sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Self-driving or autonomous vehicles are embedded with several sensing instruments (e.g., cameras, LIDAR, and radar) and thus generate massive amounts of data.

“These are embedded with several sensing instruments (e.g., cameras, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), and radar) and thus generate massive amounts of data [220].”