The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
American Indian Historical Trauma: Community Perspectives from Two Great Plains Medicine Men
Open accessAbstract
The field of community psychology has long been interested in the relations between how community problems are defined, what interventions are developed in response, and to what degree power is distributed as a result. Tensions around these issues have come to the fore in debates over the influence of historical trauma (HT) in American Indian (AI) communities. After interviewing the two most influential medicine men on a Great Plains reservation to investigate how these tensions were being resolved, we found that both respondents were engaging with their own unique elaboration of HT theory. The first, George, engaged in a therapeutic discourse that reconfigured HT as a recognizable but malleable term that could help to communicate his “spiritual perspective” on distress and the need for healing in the reservation community. The second, Henry, engaged in a nation‐building discourse that shifted attention away from past colonial military violence toward ongoing systemic oppression and the need for sociostructural change. These two interviews located HT at the heart of important tensions between globalization and indigeneity while opening the door for constructive but critical reflection within AI communities, as well as dialogue with allied social scientists, to consider how emerging discourses surrounding behavioral health disparities might be helpful for promoting healing and/or sociostructural change.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Second, the empirical evidence indicating that cultural trauma impacts health (Hartmann and Gone, 2014; Krieg, 2009; Whitbeck et al., 2004) is distributed across different constructs (e.g., collective vs. historical vs. intergenerational trauma), each describing separate aspects of the trauma experience that are often specific to different cultural groups (Sotero, 2006).”
From Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities (2022) · cites this paper as Hartmann and Gone, 2014
Citations
Cites
Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732305276687 · Cited by 44,601
Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native
Wolfe, P. (2006) · Journal of Genocide Research · doi:10.1080/14623520601056240 · Cited by 6,491 · cited 1×
“…a people would likely encourage oversimplified historical accounts of colonization as a finite traumatic event rather than a complex, unfolding set of processes or structures within US settlercolonial society (for more on the shortcomings of understanding colonization as an event, see Wolfe 2006).”
BackgroundQualitative Data Analysis with NVivo
Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2007) · Cited by 2,522
In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention
Rappaport, J. (1981) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00896357 · Cited by 1,845
Medicalization and Social Control
Conrad, P. (1992) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001233 · Cited by 1,760
Zimmerman, M. A. (2000) · Handbook of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6_2 · Cited by 1,653
(1995) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 1,049
The American Indian Holocaust: Healing Historical Unresolved Grief
DeBruyn (1998) · American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research · doi:10.5820/aian.0802.1998.60 · Cited by 1,030
Evans-Campbell, T. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260507312290 · Cited by 971
International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma
(1998) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1 · Cited by 957
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Archibald L, 2006, Decolonization and healing: Indigenous experiences in the United States, New Zealand, Australia and Greenland
- Burke P, 2009, Cultural hybridity
- 10.1037/0003-066X.33.10.882 · DOI
- Hassrick RB, 1964, The Sioux
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461514536358 · Cited by 652
Self-citationGone, J. P., Hartmann, W. E., Pomerville, A., Wendt, D. C., Klem, S. H., & Burrage, R. L. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000338 · Cited by 388
Self-citationHartmann, W. E., Wendt, D. C., Burrage, R. L., Pomerville, A., & Gone, J. P. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000326 · Cited by 197
“Where the HT literature appears to reproduce these patterns (e.g., “psychologizing” or “medicalizing” AI hardship to locate dysfunction in the individual instead of shared circumstances), these scholars have raised alarm (Denham, 2008; Gone, 2014; Hartmann & Gone, 2014, 2016; Maxwell, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAtallah, D. G. (2017) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461517706287 · Cited by 182
Conching, A., & Thayer, Z. M. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.001 · Cited by 187
Traditional indigenous medicine in North America: a scoping review
Redvers, N., & Blondin, B. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237531 · Cited by 134
Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities
Subica, A. M., & Link, B. G. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114574 · Cited by 123
“Second, the empirical evidence indicating that cultural trauma impacts health (Hartmann and Gone, 2014; Krieg, 2009; Whitbeck et al., 2004) is distributed across different constructs (e.”
BackgroundWarne, D., Dulacki, K., Spurlock, M., Meath, T., Davis, M. M., Wright, B., & McConnell, K. J. (2017) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2017.0133 · Cited by 101
Social Determinants of American Indian Nutritional Health
Warne, D., & Wescott, S. (2019) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz054 · Cited by 97
Beyond resilience: A scoping review of Indigenous survivance in the health literature
Wilbur, R. E., & Gone, J. P. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000706 · Cited by 94
Self-citationMaternal Mortality Among American Indian/Alaska Native Women: A Scoping Review
Heck, J. L., Jones, E. J., Bohn, D. K., McCage, S., Parker, J. G., Parker, M., Pierce, S., & Campbell, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8890 · Cited by 79
Gone, J. P. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12046 · Cited by 69
Self-citationAtallah, D. G. (2016) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.027 · Cited by 66
Understanding and Healing Historical Trauma: The Perspectives of Native American Elders
Grayshield, L., Rutherford, J. J., Salazar, S. B., Mihecoby, A. L., & Luna, L. L. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.37.4.02 · Cited by 58
Mauer, K. W. (2020) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12365 · Cited by 57
Atallah, D. G., Painemal, C. C., Albornoz, L., Salgado, F., & Lizama, E. P. (2018) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21960 · Cited by 52
Indigenous Historical Trauma: Alter-Native Explanations for Mental Health Inequities
Gone, J. P. (2023) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02035 · Cited by 48
Self-citationA New Agenda for Optimizing Investments in Community Mental Health and Reducing Disparities
Alegria, M. M., Zhen‐Duan, J., O’Malley, I. S., & DiMarzio, K. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21100970 · Cited by 46
Mutuyimana, C., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22829 · Cited by 35
Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnoracial Historical Trauma in the United States
Nagata, D. K., Kim, J. H. J., & Gone, J. P. (2024) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080822-044522 · Cited by 29
Self-citationKronmüller, E., Atallah, D. G., Gutiérrez, I., Guerrero, P., & Gedda, M. (2017) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.007 · Cited by 27
McKinley, C. E., Boel-Studt, S. M., Renner, L. M., Figley, C. R., Billiot, S., & Theall, K. P. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520909605 · Cited by 26
Self-determination and strengths-based Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander suicide prevention
Dudgeon, P., Bray, A., & Walker, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814297-4.00012-1 · Cited by 25
Muir, N. M., & Viljoen, J. L. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105512 · Cited by 25
When Home Is Where the Harm Is: Family Betrayal and Posttraumatic Outcomes in Young Adulthood
Delker, B. C., Smith, C. P., Rosenthal, M. N., Bernstein, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1382639 · Cited by 25
Gone, J. P. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615211054998 · Cited by 23
Self-citationUnderstanding Historical Trauma for the Holistic Care of Indigenous Populations: A Scoping Review
Joo‐Castro, L., & Emerson, A. (2020) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010120979135 · Cited by 24
Nurturing Environments for Boys and Men of Color with Trauma Exposure
Graham, P., Yaros, A., Lowe, A., & McDaniel, M. S. (2017) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-017-0241-6 · Cited by 24
Surviving, healing and moving forward: Journeys towards resilience among Canadian Cree adults
Isaak, C. A., Stewart, D. E., Mota, N. P., Munro, G., Katz, L. Y., & Sareen, J. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764015584648 · Cited by 20
Clinically relevant historical trauma sequelae: A systematic review
Mutuyimana, C., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2836 · Cited by 17
“Remember that we suffered!” The effects of historical trauma on anti‐Semitic prejudice
Skrodzka, M., Kende, A., Faragó, L., & Bilewicz, M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12862 · Cited by 16
Hartmann, W. E., & Gone, J. P. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12036 · Cited by 23
Self-citationHistory, violence and collective memory: Implications for mental health in Ecuador
Capella, M., Jadhav, S., & Moncrieff, J. (2019) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519834377 · Cited by 21
Trauma, coloniality and survivance among Indigenous peoples in the US
Gone, J. P. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21273 · Cited by 15
Self-citation“Folks Don’t Understand What It’s Like to Be a Native Woman”: Framing Trauma via #MMIW
Parsloe, S. M., & Campbell, R. C. (2021) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2021.1871867 · Cited by 19
Door, M. R. A. T., & Trautman, A. (2019) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2019.1605014 · Cited by 13
Schroedel, J. R., Berg, A., Dietrich, J., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2020) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12840 · Cited by 13
Alcohol use and the interpersonal theory of suicide in American Indian young adults
Cole, A. B., Leavens, E. L. S., Brett, E. I., Lopez, S. V., Pipestem, K. R., Tucker, R. P., O’Keefe, V. M., Leffingwell, T. R., & Wingate, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2018.1548320 · Cited by 11
Cooper, E. J., & Driedger, S. M. (2019) · International Indigenous Policy Journal · doi:10.18584/iipj.2019.10.1.1 · Cited by 12
Addressing Cultural Mistrust: Strategies for Alliance Building
Trinh, N., Cheung, C.-Y. J., Velásquez, E. E. M., Álvarez, K., Crawford, C., & Alegria, M. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90197-8_9 · Cited by 10
Meili, I., Heim, E., Pelosi, A. C., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2019) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519890435 · Cited by 10
Walls, M. L. (2023) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/01979183231218973 · Cited by 11
Thambinathan, V., Kinsella, E. A., & Wylie, L. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100225 · Cited by 15
Mukherjee, M., & Awasthi, P. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00813-w · Cited by 10
Çayır, E., Burke, M. P., Spencer, M., Schure, M. B., & Goins, R. T. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0179-7 · Cited by 7
Vollhardt, J. R., Ünal, H., Szabó, Z. P., Jeong, H. Y., Cohrs, J. C., & Black, D. A. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70026 · Cited by 6
Constanzo, A. Z., Pérez, G. G., Olate, M. P., Treumún, M., & Mella, F. R. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22440 · Cited by 6
Skrodzka, M., Maślana, A., Olko, J., & Duć-Fajfer, H. (2025) · Ethnicities · doi:10.1177/14687968251345161 · Cited by 5
John‐Henderson, N. A., & Ginty, A. T. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100252 · Cited by 5
Sensoy‐Briddick, H., & Briddick, W. C. (2022) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v17isi.1.6672 · Cited by 5
Sovereign Bodies: Native Nations, Native American Women, and the Politics of 2018
Sánchez, G. R., Foxworth, R., & Evans, L. (2020) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912920913303 · Cited by 5
Health Risk Factors in American Indian and Non-Hispanic White Homeless Adults
Cole, A. B., Hébert, E. T., Reitzel, L. R., Carroll, D. M., & Businelle, M. S. (2020) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.44.5.7 · Cited by 4
Sensoy‐Briddick, H., & Briddick, W. C. (2022) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v17i5.6672 · Cited by 3
Indigenous Feminist Theory and Embodied Settler Colonialism
McGuire-Adams, T. D. (2020) · New femininities in digital, physical and sporting cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56806-1_2 · Cited by 3
Dudgeon, P., & Bray, A. (2021) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77242-0_12 · Cited by 2
Anxiety and Depression in Northern Plains American Indian Youth: Evidence for Resilience and Risk
Scott, B. G., Sunchild, L., Small, C., & McCullen, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2127101 · Cited by 4
Fast, E., Nutton, J., Sablonnière-Griffin, M. D. L., Kozlowski, A., Bertrand, N., Bertrand, S., & Mitchell, J. (2016) · Enfances Familles Générations · doi:10.7202/1039500ar · Cited by 3
Muir, N. M. (2020) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 2
Weaver, H. N. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_4 · Cited by 2
Lu, J. J. (2016) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 2
Gone, J. P. (2026) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2026.100591 · Cited by 2
Self-citationDas Erbe der Indian Residential Schools in Kanada
Frie, R. (2026) · Trauma Kultur Gesellschaft · doi:10.30820/2752-2121-2026-1-41 · Cited by 1
Integrative Strategies for American Indians
Kahn‐John, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60043-3_15 · Cited by 1
Ginkgo Village: Trauma and Transformation in Rural China
Jacka, T. (2024) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/gv.2024 · Cited by 1
Lowe, J. R., Kelley, M., & Wimbish‐Tompkins, R. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.06.013 · Cited by 1
Doubková, N., Heissler, R., Sanders, E., & Preiss, M. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100509 · Cited by 1
Sykes, B. E., Pendley, J., & Deacon, Z. (2017) · Gateways International Journal of Community Research and Engagement · doi:10.5130/ijcre.v10i1.5334 · Cited by 1
Ideas of Culture in an Urban American Indian Behavioral Health Clinic.
Hartmann, W. E. (2016) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Self-citationMenyhért, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93789-8_42-1
Choose Life: The Potential for Reciprocal Healing Through the Arts
Stone, J., & Sunderland, N. (2015) · Landscapes: the arts, aesthetics, and education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22153-3_15
Deras, J. A. (2016) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco)
Leigh‐Osroosh, K. T. (2018) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)
Envisioning Empowerment: Recodifying the Meaning of Historical Trauma
Hurtado, R. (2019) · Literatures of the Americas · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05731-2_5
Wellness Among Diné Women Who Reside in a Navajo Nation Bordertown
Stuefen, C. (2021) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Betty Louise Bell’s Faces in the Moon: Trauma, Settler Colonialism, and Storytelling
Rodi–Risberg, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96619-5_4
Intergenerational and Historical Trauma
Kiweewa, J. M., Perera, D. M., Izdebski, M., & Marion, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54626-6_5
Daily Stress Variability in Two Generations of Survivors of the War in the Former Yugoslavia
Doubková, N., Zlámal, F., Fňašková, M., Preiss, M., Nečasová, M., Wolframová, N., Svoboda, V., Ulčák, D., & Rektor, I. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70113 · Cited by 1
Doubková, N., Heissler, R., Sanders, E., & Preiss, M. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/en8qj
Refugee memory-making: Decolonial counterstories from Eelam Tamil and Vietnamese communities
Thambinathan, V., & Huỳnh, J. (2025) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/17506980251397832
Decolonizing counselling psychology: stretching the boundaries of clinical training and practice
Kassan, A., Pieterse, A. L., Harris, M. G., & Fischer, O. J. (2026) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2025.2530446
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0009
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.002.0006
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0010
Legal Cases and Court Decisions Cited
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0011
Multivariate Analysis of Foster Care Placement
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.005.0003
Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Episodes
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0005
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.002.0005
Multivariate Analysis of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures During the Forensic Interview
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.005.0002
AIAN–Settler Colonist Relations in Historical and Legal Contexts
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0002
Justice System Actions in Response to Child Sexual Abuse Allegations and Cases
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0006
Investigating the Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse and Associated Factors
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0003
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0012
Child Sexual Abuse Allegations and Cases in Tribal and Nontribal Justice Systems
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0008
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.002.0007
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0001
Child Sexual Abuse Theories and Explanatory Models
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.003.0004
Multivariate Analysis of Case Episode Characteristics
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.005.0001
Multivariate Analysis of Adoption Case Characteristics
Steele, P. D. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190275662.005.0004
Metadata
- Authors
- Hartmann, W. E., & Gone, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hartmann, William E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-08-27
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 274-288
- ISSN
- 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2770
- OpenAlex
- W2082483573
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lemelson Foundation
- Society for Psychological Anthropology
- Foundation Medicine
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Keywords
- historical trauma, American Indian communities, medicine men, therapeutic discourse, nation-building discourse, indigeneity, globalization, colonial violence, systemic oppression, behavioral health disparities, healing, community perspectives
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Mental Health, Psychological Theory, Social Change, Social Identification, Social Problems, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Qualitative Research, Health Status Disparities, Social Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review