Involvement of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in apoptotic induction by hexaminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy in human lymphoma cells
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment based on the interaction of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen. PDT with the endogenous photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its derivatives is a modification of this treatment modality with successful application in dermatology. However, the mechanism of cell destruction by ALA-PDT has not been elucidated. In this study a human T-cell lymphoma Jurkat cell line was treated with PDT using hexaminolevulinate (HAL, hexylester of ALA). Four hours following treatment nearly 80% of the cells exhibited typical apoptotic features. Mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins were evaluated by Western blots in subcellular fractionated samples. PDT caused cytosolic translocation of cytochrome c and nuclear redistribution of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), but the release of mitochondrial Smac/DIABLO, Omi/HtrA2 and EndoG was not observed. The release of cytochrome c was followed by the cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3 as well as its downstream substrates, together with oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The pan-caspases inhibitor, z-VAD.fmk, prevented oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, but failed to inhibit PDT-mediated apoptosis. The apoptotic induction by AIF-mediated caspase-independent pathway was also found after HAL-PDT with large-scale DNA fragmentation in the presence of z-VAD.fmk. These results demonstrate that cytochrome c-mediated caspase-dependent pathway and AIF-induced caspase-independent pathway are simultaneously involved in the apoptotic induction by PDT. When the cytochrome c-induced caspase-dependent pathway is blocked, the cells go into apoptosis via AIF-mediated pathway, clearly demonstrating that the cytochrome c-mediated caspase-dependent pathway is not required for such apoptotic induction. This finding may have an impact on improved PDT effectiveness.
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PDT with hexaminolevulinate induces apoptosis via both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways.
“Indeed, PDT with hexaminolevulinate has been shown to induce apoptosis via both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways [29].”
From 5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Blocking caspase-9 or -3 does not prevent PDT-induced apoptosis, suggesting involvement of cell death signaling other than the mitochondria-mediated pathway.
“Furthermore, blocking the activity of caspase-9 or -3 does not prevent PDT-induced apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of cell death signaling other than the mitochondria-mediated pathway.”
From 5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Theranostic Agent for Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Furre, I. E., Møller, M. T. N., Shahzidi, S., Nesland, J. M., & Peng, Q.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Peng, Qian
- Venue
- Apoptosis
- Published
- 2006-10-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2031-2042
- ISSN
- 1360-8185 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-675X
- OpenAlex
- W2037314345
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- APOPTOSIS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, hexaminolevulinate, caspase-dependent pathway, apoptosis-inducing factor, cytochrome c release, caspase-9, caspase-3, T-cell lymphoma, Jurkat cells, 5-aminolevulinic acid, mitochondrial proteins, DNA fragmentation
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones, Aminolevulinic Acid, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Mitochondria, Photochemotherapy, Protoporphyrins, Leukemia, T-Cell, Apoptosis, Jurkat Cells, Caspases, Cytochromes c, Apoptosis Inducing Factor, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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