The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence of Masturbation and Associated Factors in a British National Probability Survey
Open accessAbstract
A stratified probability sample survey of the British general population, aged 16 to 44 years, was conducted from 1999 to 2001 (N = 11,161) using face-to-face interviewing and computer-assisted self-interviewing. We used these data to estimate the population prevalence of masturbation, and to identify sociodemographic, sexual behavioral, and attitudinal factors associated with reporting this behavior. Seventy-three percent of men and 36.8% of women reported masturbating in the 4 weeks prior to interview (95% confidence interval 71.5%-74.4% and 35.4%-38.2%, respectively). A number of sociodemographic and behavioral factors were associated with reporting masturbation. Among both men and women, reporting masturbation increased with higher levels of education and social class and was more common among those reporting sexual function problems. For women, masturbation was more likely among those who reported more frequent vaginal sex in the last four weeks, a greater repertoire of sexual activity (such as reporting oral and anal sex), and more sexual partners in the last year. In contrast, the prevalence of masturbation was lower among men reporting more frequent vaginal sex. Both men and women reporting same-sex partner(s) were significantly more likely to report masturbation. Masturbation is a common sexual practice with significant variations in reporting between men and women.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. R., & Martin, C. E. (1948) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/28.2.93 · Cited by 5,577
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
Oyler, M. D., Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. (1954) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1336986 · Cited by 4,609
The gender similarities hypothesis.
Hyde, J. S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.6.581 · Cited by 3,084
The social organization of sexuality: sexual practices in the United States
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-4802a · Cited by 2,889
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1954) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/34.1.50 · Cited by 2,242
Giami, A., Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., Michaels, S., Michael, R. T., Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. B. (1997) · Population · doi:10.2307/1534637 · Cited by 1,563
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
Stone, A., Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948) · Marriage and Family Living · doi:10.2307/347934 · Cited by 1,343
Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis.
Oliver, M. B., & Hyde, J. S. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.29 · Cited by 1,134
Baumeister, R. F., Catanese, K. R., & Vohs, K. D. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_5 · Cited by 862
The social organization of sexuality : sexual practices in the United States
Laumann, E. O. (1994) · Cited by 833
Sexual behaviour in Britain: Partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours.
Johnson, A. M., Mercer, C. H., Erens, B., Copas, A. J., McManus, S., Wellings, K., Fenton, K. A., Korovessis, C., Macdowall, W., Nanchahal, K., et al. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06883-0 · Cited by 815
Self-citationGender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive.
Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.347 · Cited by 808
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
S., J., Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1954) · Population · doi:10.2307/1524943 · Cited by 709
Sexual behaviour in Britain: early heterosexual experience
Wellings, K., Nanchahal, K., Macdowall, W. G., McManus, S., Erens, B., Mercer, C. H., Johnson, A. M., Copas, A. J., Korovessis, C., Fenton, K. A., et al. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06885-4 · Cited by 657
Self-citationSexual Attitudes and Lifestyles
Ashton, J. R. (1994) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.48.5.527-a · Cited by 568
Sex differences in sexual fantasy: An evolutionary psychological approach
Ellis, B. J., & Symons, D. (1990) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499009551579 · Cited by 432
Leitenberg, H., & Henning, K. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.469 · Cited by 400
Sexual function problems and help seeking behaviour in Britain: national probability sample survey
Mercer, C. H., Fenton, K. A., Johnson, A. M., Wellings, K., Macdowall, W. G., McManus, S., Nanchahal, K., & Erens, B. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7412.426 · Cited by 378
Self-citationSolitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation
Laqueur, T. W. (2003) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 316
Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk
Johnson, A. M., Wadsworth, J., Wellings, K., Bradshaw, S., & Field, J. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/360410a0 · Cited by 232
Self-citationFenton, K. A., Mercer, C. H., McManus, S., Erens, B., Wellings, K., Macdowall, W. G., Byron, C., Copas, A. J., Nanchahal, K., Field, J., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74813-3 · Cited by 175
Self-citationSolitary sex: A cultural history of masturbation
Stryker, S. (2004) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1525/srsp.2004.1.1.108 · Cited by 173
Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health
Coleman, E. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_02 · Cited by 149
Johnson, A. M., Copas, A. J., Erens, B., Mandalia, S., Fenton, K. A., Korovessis, C., Wellings, K., & Field, J. (2001) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200101050-00016 · Cited by 135
Self-citationSexual attitudes and lifestyles
Johnson, A., Wadsworth, J., Wellings, K., & Field, J. (1994) · Cited by 131
Self-citationSeparating refusal bias and non-contact bias: evidence from UK national surveys
Lynn, P. J., & Clarke, P. (2002) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00321 · Cited by 106
Copas, A. J. (2002) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.78.1.26 · Cited by 97
Becoming orgasmic: A sexual and personal growth program for women
Jones, J. C. (1990) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90060-n · Cited by 86
Spira, A., & Bajos, N. (1994) · Cited by 79
National survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles II: Technical report
Erens, B., McManus, S., Field, J., Korovessis, S., Johnson, M., Fenton, K. A., & Wellings, K. (2001) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 76
Self-citationMasturbation in a Generational Perspective
Kontula, O., & Haavio‐Mannila, E. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_05 · Cited by 75
Factors Associated with Masturbation in a Collegiate Sample
Pinkerton, S. D., Bogart, L. M., Cecil, H., & Abramson, P. R. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_07 · Cited by 69
Patterns of Masturbatory Behaviour
Dekker, A., & Schmidt, G. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_04 · Cited by 58
Using Masturbation in Sex Therapy
Zamboni, B. D., & Crawford, I. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_08 · Cited by 47
The Masturbation Taboo and the Rise of Routine Male Circumcision: A Review of the Historiography
Darby, R. J. L. (2003) · Journal of Social History · doi:10.1353/jsh.2003.0047 · Cited by 39
Bullough, V. L. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_03 · Cited by 39
Chandiramani, R. (1998) · Reproductive Health Matters · doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(98)90010-6 · Cited by 28
Sexuality and the Social Sciences. A French Survey on Sexual Behaviour
Goodson, P., Bozon, M., & Léridon, H. (1998) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353558 · Cited by 23
Masturbation and Sexual Health
Robinson, B. “. E., Bockting, W. O., & Harrell, T. (2003) · Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality · doi:10.1300/j056v14n02_06 · Cited by 21
Communicating with adolescents
Me, C. (2007) · CME/Continuing medical education · Cited by 7
Kitamura, K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Tchamouroff, S. E., Goldmeier, D., & Quintner, J. L. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90436-0 · Cited by 5
Cardamakis, E., Vinakos, G., Lambou, T., & Papathanasiou, Z. (1993) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/0028-2243(93)90238-8 · Cited by 4
Psychiatrists and General Practitioners: The Working Relationship
Mitchell, R. (1987) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.11.10.353 · Cited by 3
Sexuality advice on the radio: an overview in the United States and around the world.
Kuriansky, J. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Barbey, M. A. (1991). Switzerland's videotext computer sex education programme. Planned Parenthood in Europe, 20, 22–23.
- International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), Office for East, South East Asia and Oceania Region (ESEAOR). (1996). Teenagers’ concerns about sex. People and Development Challenges, 3, 11–12.
- Royal College of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners. (1995). Alcohol and the heart in perspective: Sensible limits reaffirmed. London: Royal College of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Relative Health Benefits of Different Sexual Activities
Brody, S. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01677.x · Cited by 312
Asexuality: a mixed-methods approach
Brotto, L. A., Knudson, G., Inskip, J., Rhodes, K., & Erskine, Y. (2010) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9434-x · Cited by 254
Brody, S., & Costa, R. M. (2009) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01303.x · Cited by 216
Puberty and adolescent sexuality
Fortenberry, J. D. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.007 · Cited by 200
The Role of Masturbation in Healthy Sexual Development: Perceptions of Young Adults
Kaestle, C. E., & Allen, K. R. (2011) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9722-0 · Cited by 162
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerressu, M., Mercer, C. H., Graham, C. A., Wellings, K., & Johnson, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Mortimer Market Centre (GB)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gerressu, Makeda
- Venue
- Archives of Sexual Behavior
- Published
- 2007-02-27
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 266-278
- ISSN
- 0004-0002 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2800
- OpenAlex
- W1984855522
- Semantic Scholar
- 0f84f6d008b9f6c88f354d8c0b36994e87133365
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- bura.brunel.ac.uk
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Sexual Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- masturbation, prevalence, sexual behavior, sociodemographic factors, vaginal intercourse, sexual partners, same-sex couples, gender differences, sexual health attitudes, British population
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Coitus, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Masturbation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Sexual Partners, Socioeconomic Factors, Incidence, Heterosexuality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review