Staphylococcus aureus heme and siderophore-iron acquisition pathways
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile opportunistic human pathogen. Infection by this bacterium requires uptake of iron from the human host, but iron is highly restricted in this environment. Staphylococcus aureus iron sufficiency is achieved primarily through uptake of heme and high-affinity iron chelators, known as siderophores. Two siderophores (staphyloferrins) are produced and secreted by S. aureus into the extracellular environment to capture iron. Staphylococcus aureus expresses specific uptake systems for staphyloferrins and more general uptake systems for siderophores produced by other microorganisms. The S. aureus heme uptake system uses highly-specific cell surface receptors to extract heme from hemoglobin and hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes for transport into the cytoplasm where it is degraded to liberate iron. Initially thought to be independent systems, recent findings indicate that these iron uptake pathways intersect. IruO is a reductase that releases iron from heme and some ferric-siderophores. Moreover, multifunctional SbnI produces a precursor for staphyloferrin B biosynthesis, and also binds heme to regulate expression of the staphyloferrin B biosynthesis pathway. Intersection of the S. aureus iron uptake pathways is hypothesized to be important for rapid adaptation to available iron sources. Components of the heme and siderophore uptake systems are currently being targeted in the development of therapeutics against S. aureus.
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S. aureus expresses a TF receptor and produces siderophores termed staphyloferrins.
“S. aureus, an opportunist causing skin and soft-tissue infections, pneumonia, endocarditis or sepsis, also expresses a TF receptor and produces siderophores, termed staphyloferrins (Conroy et al., 2019;Modun and Williams, 1999;Skaar et al., 2004).”
From Iron in infection and immunity (2020) · cites this paper as Conroy et al., 2019
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Self-citationIruO Is a Reductase for Heme Degradation by IsdI and IsdG Proteins in Staphylococcus aureus
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Self-citationStaphyloferrin B, a Citrate Siderophore of Ralstonia eutropha
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Hemoglobin Binding and Catalytic Heme Extraction by IsdB Near Iron Transporter Domains
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Self-citationSbnG, a Citrate Synthase in Staphylococcus aureus
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Self-citationSbnI is a free serine kinase that generates -phospho-l-serine for staphyloferrin B biosynthesis in
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- Authors
- Conroy, B. S., Grigg, J. C., Kolesnikov, M., Morales, L. D., & Murphy, M. E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Murphy, Michael E. P.
- Venue
- BioMetals
- Published
- 2019-03-25
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 409-424
- ISSN
- 0966-0844 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8773
- OpenAlex
- W2936568025
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- BioMetals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-49597)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (CGS-M)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus aureus, heme uptake, hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex, cell surface receptors, iron sufficiency, iron limitation, antimicrobial drug targets
- MeSH terms
- Heme, Iron, Staphylococcus aureus, Siderophores
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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