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Recognition and management of treatment-related side effects for breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy
Open accessAbstract
In postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer, the use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) to suppress estrogen is associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with tamoxifen therapy. Women receiving such endocrine therapy may experience treatment-related side effects that negatively affect health-related quality of life (QoL) and adherence to therapy. In published clinical trials and in clinical practice, adverse events (AEs) constitute the main reason for nonadherence to endocrine treatment. Serious AEs are sometimes resolved by switching to a different agent, whereas other side effects can often be managed to allow patients to remain on therapy without sacrificing QoL. Across all adjuvant endocrine trials, regardless of the treatment received, vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes are the most common side effects. Other frequently reported side effects, such as vaginal discharge, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and arthralgia, vary in prevalence between tamoxifen and AIs. Here we provide an overview of reported AEs of adjuvant endocrine therapy, focusing on those that are amenable to pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic management without treatment discontinuation. Also highlighted are specific management strategies that may improve patient QoL and thereby optimize adherence to therapy, which in turn might improve patient outcomes.
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“and can compromise quality of life [17, 18].”
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“An observational linguistic study that analyzed doctor-patient communication around adjuvant hormonal therapy found that doctors tend to do monologues providing general information about adjuvant hormonal therapy, but do not spend enough time discussing with the patient about potential barriers and how the treatment may particularly impact them.41”
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“Premenopausal women who experience abrupt, treatment-related, premature ovarian failure have the greatest risk of developing such symptoms,(4,8,9) but women who are treated with aromatase inhibitors also experience severe sexual and menopausal complaints.(10) African American women may be particularly vulnerable to re…”
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Early Discontinuation of Endocrine Therapy and Recurrence of Breast Cancer among Premenopausal Women
Collin, L. J., Cronin-Fenton, D. P., Ahern, T. P., Goodman, M. G., McCullough, L. E., Waller, L. A., Kjærsgaard, A., Damkier, P., Christiansen, P., Ejlertsen, B., et al. (2021) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3974 · Cited by 55
“, hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, arthralgia, vaginal bleeding, and fractures) that can affect a patient’s choice to continue therapy (17, 18).”
BackgroundJing, F., Zhu, Z., Qiu, J., Tang, L., Xu, L., Xing, W., & Hu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1081786 · Cited by 52
“Endocrine therapy-related symptoms (ESs) are defined as treatment-related side effects experienced by women receiving endocrine therapy that negatively affect health-related quality of life and adherence to therapy (9).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFallowfield, L. J., Kilburn, L., Langridge, C., Snowdon, C. F., Bliss, J. M., & Coombes, R. C. (2012) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.43 · Cited by 50
“Examples include anxiety and depression or gynaecological symptoms such as vaginal dryness or discharge and irritation associated with dyspareunia (Cella and Fallowfield, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBluethmann, S. M., Murphy, C. C., Tiro, J. A., Mollica, M. A., Vernon, S. W., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2017) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/17.onf.e101-e110 · Cited by 50
Güth, U., Myrick, M. E., Schötzau, A., Kilic, N., & Schmid, S. M. (2011) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1668-y · Cited by 51
“As stated by other authors, a change in therapy may be an effective strategy to improve patient persistence and adherence [ 2 , 34].”
BackgroundInfluentialFleming, L., Agnew, S., Peddie, N., Crawford, M., Dixon, D. L., & Macpherson, I. R. (2022) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2022.04.010 · Cited by 53
“The most frequently used validated measures were the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) symptom checklist [21,38,54,56,74,77,92], Centre for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression (CES-D) [37,43,54,56,64], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [15,32,34,56,66,74,88] and the Brief Pain…”
Zhou, C., Wu, Y., An, S., & Li, X. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131802 · Cited by 48
Safety of herbal medicinal products in women with breast cancer
Roberts, H. (2010) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.02.010 · Cited by 48
Symptom Clusters in Women With Breast Cancer During the First 18 Months of Adjuvant Therapy
Li, H., Sereika, S. M., Marsland, A. L., Conley, Y. P., & Bender, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.10.002 · Cited by 47
Chilcot, J., Norton, S., & Hunter, M. S. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.007 · Cited by 45
“Hormone replacement therapy is generally contraindiated because it can increase the likelihood of recurrence, and, f left untreated, HFNS can reduce adherence to endocrine therpy [4,5].”
BackgroundLaser versus sham for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A randomised controlled trial
Page, A., Verbakel, J. Y. J., Verhaeghe, J., Latul, Y. P., Housmans, S., & Deprest, J. A. (2022) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17335 · Cited by 45
Roorda, C., de Bock, G. H., van der Veen, W. J., Lindeman, A., Jansen, L., & van der Meer, K. (2011) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1133-9 · Cited by 44
“For example, patients may experience psychosocial distress and treatment-related side effects that negatively affect their health-related quality of life and adherence to adjuvant therapies [9–11].”
BackgroundA prospective model of care for breast cancer rehabilitation: Bone health and arthralgias
Winters‐Stone, K. M., Schwartz, A. L., Hayes, S. C., Fabian, C. J., & Campbell, K. L. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27465 · Cited by 43
Sagbo, I. J., & Otang-Mbeng, W. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26154639 · Cited by 44
“Some side effects reported in some men who use hormone therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer include nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, hot flashes and loss of interest in or ability to have sex [33] while the reported side effects in women who use hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer include loss of inte…”
BackgroundThe Influence of Breast Cancer Treatment on the Occurrence of Hot Flashes
Savard, M., Savard, J., Quesnel, C., & Ivers, H. (2008) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.04.010 · Cited by 43
A systematic review of intravaginal testosterone for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy
Bell, R. J., Rizvi, F., Islam, R. M., & Davis, S. R. (2017) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001052 · Cited by 43
Mora, M. C. S., Pan, Y., Heisig, S. R., von Blanckenburg, P., Rief, W., Witzel, I., Albert, U., & Nestoriuc, Y. (2020) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.v2i1.2695 · Cited by 45
Castel, L. D., Hartmann, K. E., Mayer, I. A., Saville, B. R., Alvarez, J., Boomershine, C. S., Abramson, V. G., Chakravarthy, A. B., Friedman, D. L., & Cella, D. F. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28016 · Cited by 43
“001) Black, non-Hispanic 22 (8) 19 (11) 3 (3) Hispanic 3 (1) 2 (1) 1 (1) Other 2 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) Missing/unknown/refused 10 (4) 5 (3) 5 (5) Married or partnered, n (%) 171 (67) 105 (62) 66 (76) 5.”
Self-citationDimauro, I., Grazioli, E., Antinozzi, C., Duranti, G., Arminio, A., Mancini, A., Greco, E. A., Caporossi, D., Parisi, A., & Luigi, L. D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189834 · Cited by 44
Mohammadinejad, P., Arya, P., Esfandbod, M., Kaviani, A., Najafi, M., Kashani, L., Zeinoddini, A., Emami, S. A., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2015) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028015592215 · Cited by 39
“These drugs are used as first-line analgesics in cancer patients with bone metastasis, and they are also administrated routinely for pain relief in breast cancer patients with arthralgia resulting from the use of aromatase inhibitors.(8,9) 592215 AOPXXX10.”
BackgroundFarias, A. J., & Du, X. L. (2017) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0280 · Cited by 40
Nonhormonal Management of Hot Flashes for Women on Risk Reduction Therapy
Sideras, K., & Loprinzi, C. L. (2010) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0086 · Cited by 39
Shim, E., Lee, J. W., & Min, Y. H. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4532 · Cited by 37
“Persisting somatic symptoms such as menopausal symptoms, which are common side effects of the AET medications [15], might be interpreted as an indicator of cancer recurrence, increasing FOP [16].”
Oncology providers’ perspectives on endocrine therapy prescribing and management
Wheeler, S., Roberts, M., Bloom, D., Reeder-Hayes, K., Espada, M., Peppercorn, J., Golin, C., & Earp, J. A. (2016) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s95594 · Cited by 31
“…individual patient), 18,19 tailoring risk communication 20 and side effects management to better fit with the individual patient’s experience, 21,22 and consolidating evidence-based information about effective management of ET-related side effects, including pharmacological and…”
Stefanopoulou, E., & Grunfeld, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2016.1235147 · Cited by 35
“Moreover, HFNS can last for several years, which can reduce treatment adherence [9].”
BackgroundMenopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: management update
Cusack, L., Brennan, M. E., Baber, R., & Boyle, F. M. (2012) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp13x660977 · Cited by 35
Hammarström, M., Gabrielson, M., Crippa, A., Discacciati, A., Eklund, M., Lundholm, C., Bäcklund, L. M., Wengström, Y., Borgquist, S., Bergqvist, J., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-023-02293-z · Cited by 35
“Vasomotor and vaginal symptoms are well-established side effects of tamoxifen [9, 11].”
BackgroundResultFarias, A. J., Wu, W.-H., & Du, X. L. (2018) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-018-5121-z · Cited by 35
Antiproliferative and apoptosis induction of cucurbitacin-type triterpenes from Ibervillea sonorae
Moreno, H. T., Velázquez, C. A., Garibay‐Escobar, A., Curini, M., Marcotullio, M. C., & Robles‐Zepeda, R. E. (2015) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.055 · Cited by 32
Jackson, C. H., Freeman, A. L. J., Szlamka, Z., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246441 · Cited by 35
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Trends in co-prescribing of antidepressants and tamoxifen among women with breast cancer, 2004–2010
Dusetzina, S. B., Alexander, G. C., Freedman, R. A., Huskamp, H. A., & Keating, N. L. (2012) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2330-z · Cited by 31
“Because treatment-related side effects of endocrine therapies may impact adherence [40], and untreated depression is associated with treatment non-adherence, poorer quality of life and worse health outcomes for patients with cancer [27, 41, 42], it is important for patients to continue to receive pharmacologic and non…”
Diller, M., Schüler, S., Buchholz, S., Lattrich, C., Treeck, O., & Ortmann, O. (2014) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.004 · Cited by 31
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Menopausal-type symptoms among breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitor therapy
Gallicchio, L. M., MacDonald, R., Wood, B., Rushovich, E., & Helzlsouer, K. J. (2011) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2011.620658 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Cella, D., & Fallowfield, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cella, David
- Venue
- Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
- Published
- 2007-09-18
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 167-180
- ISSN
- 0167-6806 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7217
- OpenAlex
- W2034100757
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Breast Cancer Research and Treatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- breast cancer, adjuvant endocrine therapy, aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen, treatment-related adverse events, medication adherence, health-related quality of life, vasomotor symptoms, hot flashes, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, joint pain, adverse event management, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
- MeSH terms
- Aromatase, Breast Neoplasms, Clinical Trials as Topic, Endocrine System, Female, Humans, Medical Oncology, Patient Compliance, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tamoxifen, Treatment Outcome, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal, Aromatase Inhibitors
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