Hat, shade, long sleeves, or sunscreen? Rethinking US sun protection messages based on their relative effectiveness
Open accessAbstract
Background Sun protection messages in the United States emphasize sunscreen use, although its efficacy in skin cancer prevention remains controversial.Methods We used data from NHANES 2003-2006, restricted to adult whites (n = 3,052) to evaluate how Americans protect themselves from the sun. Participants completed questionnaires on the frequency with which they used sunscreen, wore a hat, long sleeves, or stayed in the shade, in addition to the number of sunburns in the past year.Results Although using sunscreen is the most common sun protective behavior (30%), frequent sunscreen use was not associated with fewer sunburns. However, the odds of multiple sunburns were significantly lower in individuals who frequently avoided the sun by seeking shade (OR = 0.70, p < 0.001) or wearing long sleeves (OR = 0.73, p = 0.01).Conclusions Our findings suggest that shade and protective clothing may be more effective than sunscreen, as typically used by Americans.
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Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection used by US adults.
“Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection used by US adults.1–4”
From Patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
Patients with SOC are more likely to wear sun-protective clothing and seek shade compared with White individuals, and these behaviors should continue to be encouraged since they have been shown to be more effective at preventing sunburns than sunscreen, likely due to increased duration of sun exposure among those using sunscreen.
“In general, patients with SOC are more likely to wear sun-protective clothing and seek shade compared with White individuals, and these photoprotection behaviors should continue to be encouraged since they have been shown to be more effective at preventing sunburns than sunscreen [127, 128], likely due to increased duration of sun exposure among those using sunscreen [129].”
From Photoprotection for skin of color (2022) · cites this paper as [127]
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Consumer Use of Sunscreens Containing Nanoparticles
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Seeking shade equity: Tree canopy coverage in public schools in Austin, TX
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Public Parks and Shady Areas in Times of Climate Change, Urban Sprawl, and Obesity
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Sun Protective Behaviors Amongst Non-White US Adults from 2003-2023Preprint
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Types of Shade Vary in Protection Just Like Sunscreens—Reply
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Аналіз факторів, що впливають на якість хлібобулочної продукції (в системі менеджменту якості )
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More games: recommendations for methodological improvements when evaluating sun-protection behaviors
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Cutaneous Aging in Skin of Color: A Narrative Review
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- Authors
- Linos, E., Keiser, E., Fu, T., Colditz, G., Chen, S., & Tang, J. Y.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Linos, Eleni
- Venue
- Cancer Causes & Control
- Published
- 2011-06-03
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1067-1071
- ISSN
- 0957-5243 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7225
- PMC
- PMC3873510
- OpenAlex
- W2050640602
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cancer Causes & Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K23AR056736)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
- Keywords
- sun protection, sunscreen use, sunburn, shade seeking, long sleeves, protective clothing, sun protection behavior, skin cancer prevention, health communication effectiveness, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carcinoma, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Protective Clothing, Skin Neoplasms, Sunburn, Sunlight, Sunscreening Agents, United States, Program Evaluation, Information Dissemination, White People, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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