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Cited by 134Skin Protection and AgingBiocrusts and Microbial EcologyNonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies

Patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults

Open access
Holman, Dawn M., Berkowitz, Zahava, Guy, Gery P., Hawkins, Nikki A., Saraiya, Mona, Watson, Meg·2015·Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1112PMC PMC4475428
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Abstract

Background Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection, but little is known about patterns of use.Objective We sought to assess patterns of sunscreen use on the face and other exposed skin among US adults.Methods Using cross-sectional data from the 2013 Summer ConsumerStyles survey (N = 4033), we calculated descriptive statistics and adjusted risk ratios to identify characteristics associated with regular sunscreen use (always/most of the time when outside on a warm sunny day for ≥1 hour).Results Few adults regularly used sunscreen on the face (men: 18.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.8-20.6; women: 42.6%, 95% CI 39.5-46.7), other exposed skin (men: 19.9%, 95% CI 17.5-22.6; women: 34.4%, 95% CI 31.5-37.5), or both the face and other exposed skin (men: 14.3%, 95% CI 12.3-16.6; women: 29.9%, 95% CI 27.2-32.8). Regular use was associated with sun-sensitive skin, an annual household income ≥$60,000, and meeting aerobic activity guidelines (Ps < .05). Nearly 40% of users were unsure if their sunscreen provided broad-spectrum protection.Limitations Reliance on self-report and lack of information on sunscreen reapplication or other sun-safety practices are limitations.Conclusion Sunscreen use is low, especially among certain demographic groups. These findings can inform sun-safety interventions and the interpretation of surveillance data on sunscreen use.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1112

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 33 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection used by US adults.

    “Sunscreen is a common form of sun protection used by US adults.1–4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [1] Buller, 2011, Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states, J Am Acad Dermatol source
    • cites [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010, MMWR

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Linos, 2011, Hat, shade, long sleeves, or sunscreen? Rethinking US sun protection messages based on their relative effectiveness, Cancer Causes Control source
    • cites [4] National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report – 2011/2012 update. Available from: URL: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    Almost 40% of sunscreen users were not sure if their sunscreen provided broad spectrum protection on the face (37.6%).

    “but almost 40% of users (face: 37.6%, 95% CI: 35.0, 40.3; other exposed skin: 38.6%, 95% CI: 36.0, 41.4) were not sure if their sunscreen provided broad spectrum protection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In unadjusted analyses, regular sunscreen use on the face and on other exposed skin was associated with race/ethnicity among both men and women (all P < 0.001).

    “In the unadjusted analyses, regular sunscreen use on the face and on other exposed skin was associated with race/ethnicity among both men and women (all P values < 0.001; Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among women only, those diagnosed with skin cancer in the past year were more likely to regularly use sunscreen on the face (P = 0.010).

    “Among women only, those diagnosed with skin cancer in the past year were more likely to regularly use sunscreen on the face (P = 0.010)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Among sunscreen users, over 80% used a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher.

    “Among sunscreen users, over 80% used a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 25
  • May combine two claims. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 5

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Adults who are more physically active are more likely to experience sunburn.

    “given previous findings that adults who are more physically active are more likely to experience sunburn.21”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Holman, 2014, The association between demographic and behavioral characteristics and sunburn among U.S. adults - National Health Interview Survey, 2010, Prev Med source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Higher BMI is positively associated with skin cancer risk behaviors and sunburn.

    “The association between BMI and sunscreen use was consistent with other studies that have indicated higher BMI is positively associated with skin cancer risk behaviors27–28 and sunburn.21”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [27] Wheless, 2009, The association between skin characteristics and skin cancer prevention behaviors, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev source
    • cites [28] Coups, 2008, Multiple skin cancer risk behaviors in the U.S. population, Am J Prev Med source
    • cites [21] Holman, 2014, The association between demographic and behavioral characteristics and sunburn among U.S. adults - National Health Interview Survey, 2010, Prev Med source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Consistent with previous findings, this study suggests that sunscreen use is low among non-Hispanic blacks and those who tend not to sunburn.

    “For example, consistent with previous findings, this study suggests that sunscreen use is low among non-Hispanic blacks and those who tend not to sunburn.1, 2, 4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] Buller, 2011, Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states, J Am Acad Dermatol source
    • cites [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010, MMWR

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report – 2011/2012 update. Available from: URL: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After adjusting, those who met aerobic activity guidelines were significantly more likely to regularly use sunscreen than those who did not (all P < 0.05), with the exception of male sunscreen use on other exposed skin (P = 0.056).

    “Those who met aerobic activity guidelines were significantly more likely to regularly use sunscreen than those who did not (all P values < 0.05), with the exception of male sunscreen use on other exposed skin (P = 0.056).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    19.9% of men regularly used sunscreen on other exposed skin when outside on a warm sunny day for more than one hour.

    “whereas 19.9% (95% CI: 17.5–22.6) of men and 34.4% (95% CI: 31.5–37.5) of women regularly used sunscreen on other exposed skin”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Among women only, those who were overweight or obese were less likely to use sunscreen on the face or other exposed skin than their counterparts (all P < 0.001).

    “and those who were overweight or obese were less likely to use sunscreen on the face or other exposed skin than their counterparts (all P values < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    18.1% of men regularly used sunscreen on the face when outside on a warm sunny day for more than one hour.

    “Overall, 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.8–20.6) of men and 42.6% (95% CI: 39.5–46.7) of women regularly used sunscreen on the face”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    42.6% of women regularly used sunscreen on the face when outside on a warm sunny day for more than one hour.

    “Overall, 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.8–20.6) of men and 42.6% (95% CI: 39.5–46.7) of women regularly used sunscreen on the face”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    34.4% of women regularly used sunscreen on other exposed skin when outside on a warm sunny day for more than one hour.

    “whereas 19.9% (95% CI: 17.5–22.6) of men and 34.4% (95% CI: 31.5–37.5) of women regularly used sunscreen on other exposed skin”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most of the study population were non-Hispanic white (67.4%) and had an annual household income of $40,000 or more (66.8%).

    “Most were non-Hispanic white (67.4%) and had an annual household income of $40,000 or more (66.8%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The resulting data were weighted using 9 factors (gender, age, household income, race/ethnicity, household size, education, census region, metro status, and prior internet access) to be representative of the US population.

    “The resulting data were weighted using 9 factors: gender, age, household income, race/ethnicity, household size, education, census region, metro status, and prior internet access to be representative of the US population.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A study of media coverage on skin cancer prevention found more content about sunscreen than other recommended prevention strategies.

    “Furthermore, a study of media coverage on skin cancer prevention found more content about sunscreen than other recommended prevention strategies.5”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Cokkinides, 2012, A profile of skin cancer prevention media coverage in 2009, J Am Acad Dermatol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The survey was sent to 6,102 adults aged 18 years or older, and 4,033 adults completed the survey (answered at least half the questions), yielding a response rate of 66%.

    “The survey was sent to 6,102 adults aged 18 years or older. A total of 4,033 adults completed the survey (answered at least half the questions), yielding a response rate of 66%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Percentages were weighted to generalize results to the study population.

    “Percentages were weighted to generalize results to the study population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Participants in the ConsumerStyles survey are from the GfK Knowledge Panel, which is randomly recruited by probability-based sampling using both random-digit dialing and address-based sampling methods to reach respondents regardless of landline phone or Internet availability.

    “Participants are from the GfK (http://www.gfk.com/us/) Knowledge Panel13, which is randomly recruited by probability-based sampling using both random-digit dialing and address-based sampling methods to reach respondents regardless of landline phone or Internet availability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] GfK. GfK Knowledge Panel. Available from: URL: http://www.gfk.com/us/Solutions/consumer-panels/Pages/GfK-KnowledgePanel.aspx. Accessed September 4, 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sunscreen use on the face is likely to be distinct from use on other exposed skin, particularly among women.

    “Given the variety of cosmetics on the market that are labeled as providing sun protection, sunscreen use on the face is likely to be distinct from use on other exposed skin, particularly among women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 2011, the U.S. FDA updated regulations on sunscreen labeling to help consumers select and properly use sunscreens.

    “In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration updated regulations on sunscreen labeling to help consumers select and properly use sunscreens.11”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Federal Register 76(117): 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310. Available from: URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-17/pdf/2011-14766.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    If used properly, regular sunscreen use can prevent or delay photoaging of the skin.

    “and prevent or delay photoaging of the skin.8–10”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] Fisher, 2002, Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging, Arch Dermatol source
    • cites [9] Wlaschek, 2001, Solar UV irradiation and dermal photoaging, J Photochem Photobiol B source
    • cites [10] Hughes, 2013, Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Approximately one-third of US adults usually or always use sunscreen when outdoors in the sun for one hour or more.

    “According to National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, approximately one-third of adults usually or always use sunscreen when outdoors in the sun for one hour or more.4”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] National Cancer Institute. Cancer trends progress report – 2011/2012 update. Available from: URL: http://progressreport.cancer.gov/. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The survey included a question previously used on the NHIS which asks about the skin's reaction to being out in the sun for an hour without sunscreen, a hat, or protective clothing.

    “The survey included a question previously used on the NHIS12 which asks about the skin’s reaction to being “out in the sun for an hour without sunscreen, a hat, or protective clothing.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    National surveys have assessed sunscreen use among US adults but do not differentiate between use on the face versus other exposed skin and do not capture whether the sunscreen provides broad spectrum protection.

    “National surveys (e.g., NHIS12) have assessed sunscreen use among US adults but do not differentiate between use on the face versus other exposed skin and do not capture whether the sunscreen provides broad spectrum protection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health Interview Survey. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sunscreen products that provide SPF 15 or higher and broad spectrum protection are labeled as protecting against sunburn, and, if used as directed, reducing the risk for skin cancer and early skin aging.

    “Sunscreen products that provide a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher and broad spectrum protection (i.e., protection from both ultraviolet A [UVA] and ultraviolet B [UVB] radiation) are labeled as protecting against sunburn, and, if used as directed, reducing the risk for skin cancer and early skin aging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. Federal Register 76(117): 21 CFR Parts 201 and 310. Available from: URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-17/pdf/2011-14766.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2014.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The sun sensitivity variable measures sun sensitivity by assessing the skin's tendency to burn, similar to the Fitzpatrick scale, but also captures the severity of the burn.

    “Similar to the Fitzpatrick scale,14 this variable measures sun sensitivity by assessing the skin’s tendency to burn, but the question also captures the severity of the burn.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Fitzpatrick, 1988, The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI, Arch Dermatol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The analyses were considered exempt by CDC's Institutional Review Board because secondary data were used and personal identifiers were not included.

    “Our analyses were considered exempt by CDC’s Institutional Review Board because we used secondary data and personal identifiers were not included in the data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    If used properly, regular sunscreen use can reduce risk for skin cancer.

    “If used properly, regular sunscreen use can reduce risk for skin cancer6, 7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Green, 2011, Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up, J Clin Oncol source
    • cites [7] van der Pols, 2006, Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Calculations were performed with SAS-callable SUDAAN to account for the complex sampling design and non-response.

    “Calculations were performed with SAS-callable SUDAAN to account for the complex sampling design and non-response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men may view sunscreen as non-masculine, messy, or inconvenient, and sunscreen ads target women more often than men.

    “Men may view sunscreen as non-masculine, messy, or inconvenient,22, 23 and sunscreen ads target women more often than men.24,25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [22] Dadlani, 2008, Planning for a brighter future: a review of sun protection and barriers to behavioral change in children and adolescents, Dermatol Online J source
    • cites [23] Courtenay, 2000, Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health, Soc Sci Med source
    • cites [24] George, 1996, Trends in photoprotection in American fashion magazines, 1983-1993. will fashion make you look old and ugly?, J Am Acad Dermatol source
    • cites [25] Lee, 2006, Sun care advertising in popular U.S. magazines, Am J Health Promot source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Sunscreen use is particularly low among certain groups such as men, non-Hispanic blacks, those with less sun-sensitive skin, and those with lower incomes.

    “Sunscreen use is particularly low among certain groups such as men, non-Hispanic blacks, those with less sun-sensitive skin, and those with lower incomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study had a 66% response rate and potential for non-response bias.

    “Two, the study had a 66% response rate and potential for non-response bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study did not include data on other skin cancer risk-related behaviors or the context in which sunscreen was used (e.g., use of other forms of sun protection), all of which factor into ensuring adequate sun protection.

    “Three, the study did not include data on other skin cancer risk-related behaviors or the context in which sunscreen was used (e.g., use of other forms of sun protection), all of which factor into ensuring adequate sun protection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The positive relationship between sunscreen use and aerobic activity may reflect increased time outdoors and greater total sun exposure among the more physically active, creating a need for more vigilant protection.

    “Although seemingly contradictory, these findings may reflect increased time outdoors and greater total sun exposure among the more physically active, creating a need for more vigilant protection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Men may rely on protective clothing and shade more than sunscreen.

    “Men may rely on protective clothing and shade more than sunscreen,2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010, MMWR

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sunscreen works best when used as directed and in combination with other forms of sun protection.

    “Sunscreen works best when used as directed and in combination with other forms of sun protection.29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Jansen, 2013, Photoprotection: part II. Sunscreen: development, efficacy, and controversies, J Am Acad Dermatol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study relies on self-reported information which is subject to error.

    “One, the study relies on self-reported information which is subject to error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    When a sunscreen does not provide adequate protection, users may have a false sense of protection, possibly leading to more total sun exposure.

    “When a sunscreen does not provide adequate protection, users may have a false sense of protection, possibly leading to more total sun exposure.30”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] 2001, Sunscreens. Chapter 3. Human Use of Sunscreen

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The pattern of women using sunscreen on the face but not other exposed skin may reflect the many cosmetic products containing SPF that are marketed to women for use on the face.

    “This pattern may reflect the many cosmetic products containing SPF that are marketed to women for use on the face.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Weighting the data to the US population and accounting for non-response may have mitigated the effect of non-response bias.

    “However, we weighted the data to the US population and accounted for non-response, which may have mitigated this effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
37 of 37

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported sunscreen use is an adequate measure of actual sunscreen use for the study's conclusions.

    “One, the study relies on self-reported information which is subject to error.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The broad spectrum protection question is understood by respondents such that 'not sure' responses reflect uncertainty about their sunscreen.

    “Does the sunscreen you usually use on your face provide broad spectrum (UVA and UVB) protection? [yes; no; not sure]”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Studies have consistently found low sunscreen use among non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians relative to White individuals.

    “studies have consistently found low use of sunscreen among non-Hispanic Blacks [90–94], Hispanics [91, 92, 94], and Asians [94, 95] relative to White individuals.”

    From Photoprotection for skin of color (2022) · cites this paper as [93]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Income association described in the opposite direction

    Minor

    The discussion calls the association between sunscreen use and household income inverse, but the results state that adults with lower incomes were less likely to use sunscreen regularly. That describes a positive association with income.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. 2001, Sunscreens. Chapter 3. Human Use of Sunscreen, Vol 5

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Holman, D. M., Berkowitz, Z., Guy, G. P., Hawkins, N. A., Saraiya, M., & Watson, M.
Affiliations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author
Holman, Dawn M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-07
Volume
73
Issue
1
Pages
83-92.e1
ISSN
0190-9622 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1112
PMC
PMC4475428
OpenAlex
W1956821286
Cited by
133
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
FWCI
10.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Biocrusts and Microbial Ecology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
Keywords
sunscreen use, sun protection, face, sun sensitivity, socioeconomic factors, household income, physical activity, broad-spectrum protection
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Face

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-31.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-31.

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