Cited by 634Migration, Health and TraumaMigration and Exile StudiesEducation and experiences of immigrants and refugees

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Psychological Distress in Refugee Children: A Systematic Review

Bronstein, Israel, Montgomery, Paul·2011·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

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Abstract

Nearly one-quarter of the refugees worldwide are children. There have been numerous studies reporting their levels of psychological distress. The aim of this paper is to review systematically and synthesize the epidemiological research concerning the mental health of refugee children residing in Western countries. A Cochrane Collaboration style review was conducted searching nine major databases, bibliographies, and grey literature from 2003 to 2008. Included studies had to meet the reporting standards of STROBE and investigate mental health in non-clinical samples of asylum seeking and refugee children residing in OECD countries. A total of twenty-two studies were identified of 4,807 retrieved citations, covering 3,003 children from over 40 countries. Studies varied in definition and measurement of problems, which included levels of post-traumatic stress disorder from 19 to 54%, depression from 3 to 30%, and varying degrees of emotional and behavioral problems. Significant factors influencing levels of distress appear to include demographic variables, cumulative traumatic pre-migration experiences, and post-migration stressors. Importantly, the research base demands greater contextual and methodological refining such that future research would have greater generalizability and clinical implications.

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Zayas, L. H. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197668160.001.0001 · Cited by 4
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Lessons learned from the past on mental health care of refugee children in Serbia
Milovancevic, M. P., Ispanovic, V., & Stupar, D. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0827-4 · Cited by 4
Pre- and Post-migration Trauma and Adversity
Cissé, A., Haene, L. D., Keatley, E. S., & Rasmussen, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.005 · Cited by 6
Incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders in refugees and peers growing up in Denmark and Sweden: a registry linkage study
de Montgomery, C. J., Cullen, A. E., Taipale, H. T., Krasnik, A., Nørredam, M. L., & Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02578-x · Cited by 4
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Transforming Well-Being for Refugees and Their Communities: Perspectives from Medicine, Nursing, Education, and Social Work
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“Even though the negative effects (psychological, medical, social) of forced displacement are well described (Bronstein and Montgomery, 2011; Fazel and Betancourt, 2018; Fazel and Stein, 2002), there is still limited understanding of children’s lived experiences as their narratives remain unheard.”
Background
Posttraumatic stress among Eritrean unaccompanied refugee minors in Ethiopia
Arega, N. T. (2020) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2020-0016 · Cited by 5
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Family and Peer Support Facilitates Recall and Retelling of Traumatic Memories in War Refugee Children and Adolescents
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Targeting treatment-resistant effects of trauma for promoting social adjustment: An intervention mapping protocol augmented by empirical pilot studies.
Forooshani, S. A., Murray, K. E., Izadikhah, Z., & Khawaja, N. G. (2021) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000329 · Cited by 3
Conceptualization of hope among adolescents and youth from refugee backgrounds in a transit context
Dimoski, J., Marković, M. V., Stojadinović, I., Milić, A., & Ajduković, D. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108171 · Cited by 3
Echoes of resilience: young refugees’ experiences in a closed controlled access centre from a salutogenic perspective
Papathanasiou, C., Georgiou, K., Barbaresos, F., Kougioumtzi, A., & Stylianidis, S. (2025) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2025-0014 · Cited by 3
Psychotherapie für Flüchtlingskinder
Romer, G. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000154 · Cited by 3
Komplexe Krisenintervention bei einem 16-jährigen schwangeren Mädchen nach unbegleiteter Flucht aus Eritrea
Dixius, A., & Möhler, E. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000458 · Cited by 3
Die Bedeutung transkultureller Kompetenz in der Psychiatrie
Akkaya-Kalayci, T. (2017) · psychopraxis neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s00739-017-0430-6 · Cited by 3
“Besonders Minderjährige machen auf ihrer Flucht fast immer schrecklichste Erfahrungen, die zu den verschiedensten psychischen Krankheitsbildern führen können [2, 3].”
Background
Entwicklung und Aufbau eines niedrigschwelligen psychologischen Versorgungsangebots für unbegleitete minderjährige Flüchtlinge
Buennemann, M., & Schlarb, A. A. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000493 · Cited by 3
Mobilizing Resources in Multifamily Groups
Mooren, T. T. M., & Bala, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.009 · Cited by 3
Working with Spirituality in Refugee Care
Fung, K. P.-L., Mok, M., & Phorn, V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.013 · Cited by 3
Understanding and Cultivating Hope in School
Dixson, D. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235532.014 · Cited by 3
To educate is to include: A Baghdadi Palestinian refugee’s school days in Chile
Leihy, P. S., & Martini, H. A. (2021) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2021.1889050 · Cited by 3
“Resilience, integration and personal development are foundational priorities of refugee schooling (Bronstein and Montgomery 2011; Tyrer and Fazel 2014).”
Background
Psychische Belastung bei unbegleiteten und begleiteten Flüchtlingen im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Deutschland
Höltermann, A., Scharf, F., Romer, G., & Möller-Kallista, B. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000855 · Cited by 4
Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Among US-Born Children of South Sudanese Parents Resettled as Refugees
Tutlam, N. T., Flick, L. H., Xian, H., Matsuo, H., Tutdeal, N., & Glowinski, A. L. (2022) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-022-00228-9 · Cited by 3
“Indeed, studies have found that refugee youth living in high-income countries have high prevalence of 19 to 85% for anxiety, PTSD ranging from 19 to 54%, and depression ranging from 3 to 30% (Bronstein & Montgomery, 2011; Lloyd, 2019).”
Background
Rebuilding life after migration: Research protocol of a mixed methods study on settlement experiences of refugee and migrant youth
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“Much of the literature on migration and its impact on mental health has focused on traumarelated psychopathology, neglecting the broader psychological, familial, social, and cultural dimensions of the settlement experience [27,28].”
Background
Examining the effectiveness of a group hope intervention program in Syrian refugee children: A pilot study
Ataman, A., & Uysal, B. (2023) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2023.2216476 · Cited by 5
“On the other hand, besides the migration process and resettlement hardships, a proportion of refugee children manage to navigate a considerable number of changes, and many exhibit considerable resilience and strength despite the variety of hardships they encounter (Bronstein & Montgomery, 2011).”
Background
Depression and Anxiety in Refugee Children
Ventevogel, P., & de Jong, J. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45278-0_10 · Cited by 3
Migrant mental health and representation in routine administrative registers
Close, C., Bosqui, T. J., O’Reilly, D., Donnelly, M., & Kouvonen, A. M. (2018) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2016-0035 · Cited by 3
“Migration has been linked to increased risk of mental ill-health in many countries (Lindert et al. 2009, Bronstein and Montgomery 2011, Borque et al. 2011), and one of the largest contributory factors, alongside socio-economic disadvantage, has been found to be exposure to racism and discrimination…”
Background
Collaborative Mental Health Care for Refugee Families in a School Context
Papazian-Zohrabian, G., Mamprin, C., Turpin-Samson, A., & Lemire, V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.020 · Cited by 4
Interrogating Legality and Legitimacy in the Post-migratory Context
Rousseau, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.021 · Cited by 3
Cultural Belonging and Political Mobilization in Refugee Families
Kevers, R., & Rober, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108602105.006 · Cited by 4

Authors: Bronstein, I., & Montgomery, P.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Bronstein, Israel
ORCID: Bronstein, Israel
Montgomery, Paul
Venue: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-03
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 44-56
ISSN: 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
1573-2827
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-010-0081-0
OpenAlex: W2099969597
Cited by: 634
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
Social Sciences › Education › Education and experiences of immigrants and refugees
Keywords: refugee children, psychological distress, mental health, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, emotional and behavioral problems, asylum seekers, pre-migration trauma, post-migration stressors, Western countries
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Refugees, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Resilience, Psychological

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Psychological Distress in Refugee Children: A Systematic Review

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