Suicide loss survivors′ experiences with therapy: Implications for clinical practice
Abstract
Over two-thirds of suicide loss survivors, those who have lost a loved one to suicide, seek individual therapy following their loss. However, nothing is known about what survivors find helpful about therapy or how therapy impacts their grief. An online survey was conducted June 2012-March 2013 with a convenience sample of 197 survivors primarily from the USA and Australia to develop a better understanding of treatment seeking loss survivors and their experiences in therapy. Questions explored the experience of the suicide death, the therapy received after the loss, and insights about improving therapy for loss survivors. Participants were generally positive about their therapy experiences. However, respondents endorsed symptoms of PTSD, though many did not report a formal diagnosis from a provider, suggesting a discrepancy that could lead to inadequate treatment of symptoms. The findings provide an understanding of treatment seeking loss survivors, along with implications for therapists treating this population.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a tension between the need for psychosocial services for people bereaved by suicide and what is known about their effectiveness.
“Overall, there is a tension between the need for psychosocial services for people bereaved by suicide (Sanford et al., 2016; Pitman et al., 2018) and what is known about their effectiveness (McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas and Kutcher, 2011; Linde et al., 2017).”
From Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as Sanford et al., 2016
Cites
Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Kessler, R. C., & Schultz, L. R. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.908 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk
Pitman, A., Osborn, D., King, M., & Erlangsen, A. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70224-x · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Is Suicide Bereavement Different? A Reassessment of the Literature
Jordan, J. R. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.1.91.21310 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Currier, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Berman, J. S. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.648 · Cited by 431 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, provided as a selective intervention for at-risk grievers with high levels of presenting symptoms, such as depressive symptoms or PTSD symptoms, grief counseling has strong empirical support (Currier et al. 2008; Neimeyer and Currier 2009).”
BackgroundComplicated grief in survivors of suicide
Mitchell, A. M., Kim, Y., Prigerson, H. G., & Mortimer-Stephens, M. (2004) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.25.1.12 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Grief work, disclosure and counseling: Do they help the bereaved?
Stroebe, W., Schut, H. A. W., & Stroebe, M. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.01.004 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Continuum of “Survivorship”: Definitional Issues in the Aftermath of Suicide
Cerel, J., McIntosh, J. L., Neimeyer, R. A., Maple, M. J., & Marshall, D. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12093 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
What do suicide survivors tell us they need? Results of a pilot study
Mcmenamy, J. M., Jordan, J. R., & Mitchell, A. M. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.4.375 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Exposure to Suicide in the Community: Prevalence and Correlates in One U.S. State
Cerel, J., Maple, M. J., van de Venne, J., Moore, M. M., Flaherty, C., & Brown, M. M. (2016) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335491613100116 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Complicated grief and suicidal ideation in adult survivors of suicide.
Mitchell, A. M., Kim, Y., Prigerson, H. G., & Mortimer, M. K. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.498 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Long-Term Impact of Exposure to Suicide: A Three-Year Controlled Follow-up
Brent, D. A., MORITZ, G., Bridge, J. A., Perper, J. A., & CANOBBIO, R. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199605000-00020 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Interventions for suicide survivors: A review of the literature
Jordan, J. R., & McMenamy, J. (2004) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.34.4.337.53742 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
de Groot, M. H., de Keijser, J., & Neeleman, J. (2006) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2006.36.4.418 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Neimeyer, R. A., & Currier, J. M. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01666.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Harwood, D., Hawton, K., Hope, T., & Jacoby, R. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00462-1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Interventions for people bereaved through suicide: systematic review
McDaid, C., Trowman, R., Golder, S., Hawton, K., & Sowden, A. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040824 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
How They Died, Time since Loss, and Bereavement Outcomes
Feigelman, W. T., Jordan, J. R., & Gorman, B. S. (2009) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.58.4.a · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cerel, J., Padgett, J. H., Conwell, Y., & Reed, G. A. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.269 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Do They Suffer More? Reflections on Research Comparing Suicide Survivors to Other Survivors
Ellenbogen, S., & Gratton, F. (2001) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.31.1.83.21315 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The support needs and experiences of suicidally bereaved family and friends
Wilson, A., & Marshall, A. (2010) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481181003761567 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mitchell, A. M., Sakraida, T. J., Kim, Y., Bullian, L., & Chiappetta, L. (2009) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2008.02.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Exploring the Formal Supports Used by People Bereaved Through Suicide: A Qualitative Study
McKinnon, J. M., & Chonody, J. (2014) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2014.889637 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The psychological impact of losing a friend to suicide
Bartik, W. J., Maple, M. J., Edwards, H. E., & Kiernan, M. J. (2013) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856213497986 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Uncovering and Identifying the Missing Voices in Suicide Bereavement
Maple, M. J., Cerel, J., Jordan, J. R., & McKay, K. (2014) · EPubDev Repository · Cited by 37 · see citing works
USA suicide 2018: Official final data
Drapeau, C. W., & McIntosh, J. L. (2020) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.19197.51689 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Suicide-Bereaved Individuals’ Attitudes Toward Therapists
Ward‐Ciesielski, E. F., Wielgus, M. D., & Jones, C. B. (2014) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000290 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Hill, N. T. M., Reifels, L., Robinson, J., Reavley, N., & Pirkis, J. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2020-z · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Kõlves, K., & Reavley, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02677 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Exploring the Support Needs of People Bereaved by Suicide: A Qualitative Study
Ross, V. L., Kõlves, K., & Leo, D. D. (2019) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222819825775 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Clinical work with suicide loss survivors: Implications of the U.S. postvention guidelines
Jordan, J. R., & McGann, V. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2017.1335553 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Stigma, grief and depressive symptoms in help-seeking people bereaved through suicide
Scocco, P., Preti, A., Totaro, S., Corrigan, P. W., & Castriotta, C. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.098 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Suicide Loss Survivors: Navigating Social Stigma and Threats to Social Bonds
Goulah-Pabst, D. M. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211026513 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lestienne, L., Leaune, É., Haesebaert, J., Poulet, E., & Andriessen, K. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106583 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fatal intentional drowning in Australia: A systematic literature review of rates and risk factors
Cenderadewi, M., Franklin, R. C., Peden, A. E., & Devine, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231861 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bottomley, J. S., Smigelsky, M. A., Bellet, B. W., Flynn, L., Price, J., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1456011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kaspersen, S. L., Kalseth, J., Stene‐Larsen, K., & Reneflot, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
McGill, K., Bhullar, N., Batterham, P. J., Carrandi, A., Wayland, S., & Maple, M. J. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2112318 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Process of Long-Term Suicide Bereavement: Responsibility, Familial Support, and Meaning Making
Hunt, Q. A., Young, T. A., & Hertlein, K. M. (2019) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-019-09499-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zavrou, R., Charalambous, A., Papastavrou, E., Koutrouba, A., & Karanikola, M. N. K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12866 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Providing support following exposure to suicide: A mixed method study
Maple, M. J., McKay, K., Hess, N., Wayland, S., & Pearce, T. (2019) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12713 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ali, F., & Lucock, M. (2020) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2020.1771951 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
It’s Not Who You Know, It’s How You Think You Know Them: Suicide Exposure and Suicide Bereavement
Cerel, J., & Sanford, R. (2018) · The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child · doi:10.1080/00797308.2017.1415066 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Recommendations for research on suicide loss: A commentary
Neimeyer, R. A., Cerel, J., & Maple, M. J. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2017.1335555 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hill, N. T. M., Walker, R., Andriessen, K., Bouras, H., Tan, S. R., Amaratia, P., Woolard, A. J., Strauss, P., Perry, Y., & Lin, A. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1040323 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mcdonnell, S., Nelson, P. A., Leonard, S., McGale, B., Chew-Graham, C. A., Kapur, N., Shaw, J. J., Smith, S., & Cordingley, L. (2020) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000646 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Qualitative Study on Traumatic Experiences of Suicide Survivors
Contessa, J. C., Padoan, C. S., da Silva, J. L. G., & Magalhães, P. V. D. S. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211024486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
İntihar Sonrası Yas Süreci: Bir Sistematik Gözden Geçirme
Dağ, B. N., & Alkar, Ö. Y. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1003904 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bélanger, S. M., Hauge, L. J., Reneflot, A., Øien-Ødegaard, C., Christiansen, S. G., Magnus, P. M., & Stene‐Larsen, K. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02607-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Case report on the multiple pathways to posttraumatic stress disorder following suicide
Padoan, C. S., Cardoso, T. D. A., Martini, M., Farias, C. D. A., Contessa, J. C., & Magalhães, P. V. D. S. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1572675 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Research Priorities in Suicide Prevention: Final Report
Reifels, L., Ftanou, M., Krysinska, K. E., Machlin, A., Robinson, J. D., & Pirkis, J. (2017) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Utilization of Postvention Supports: A National Cross-Sectional Survey of Adults Bereaved by Suicide
Griffin, E., O’Connell, S., Andriessen, K., Khan, A., O’Brien, C., Daly, C., Tuomey, F., & Arensman, E. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2552953 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Engagement in meaningful activities post suicide loss: A scoping review
Gill, M., Wu, M., Pierre, S., Joachim, L., Premnazeer, M., Scali, O. L., Rizvi, S. J., Renwick, R. M., Polatajko, H. J., & Cameron, J. I. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336640 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Andriessen, K., & Krysinska, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suicide Exposure in Crisis Workers
Long, M. M., Cerel, J., Aldrich, R. S., & Kheibari, A. (2021) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000760 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Survivor of Suicide Support Group Facilitator Scale
Sanford, R. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.335
Evaluation of a suicide loss support training program for organ procurement personnel
Tucker, R. P., Drapeau, C. W., Schwab, N., & Campbell, F. R. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12706
Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K. E., Kõlves, K., & Reavley, N. J. (2019) · doi:10.57022/txtp7812
Traumasensible Begleitung rund um die Diagnose Krebs
Tuczai, M. (2023) · PERSON · doi:10.24989/person.v23i2.2409
Insights in Public Mental Health: 2022
Wulf Rössler, A. (2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4490-7
Linguistic Features of Suicide Bereavement: A Data Mining Approach
Ooi, G. M. Y., Chan, K. Q., & Bhatia, A. (2026) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228261428763
Establishing core domains in suicide postvention: a Delphi study in Chile
Jiménez-Molina, Á., Miranda, T. B., Costa‐Cordella, S., Rojas, G., Martínez, V., del Río, P., Silva, M., & Núñez, D. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1840763
- Authors
- Sanford, R., Cerel, J., McGann, V., & Maple, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University of New England (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sanford, Rebecca
- Venue
- Community Mental Health Journal
- Published
- 2016-04-13
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 551-558
- ISSN
- 0010-3853 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2789
- OpenAlex
- W2338418086
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Community Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- suicide loss survivors, grief, individual psychotherapy, treatment experience, treatment seeking, post-traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress symptoms, clinical practice implications
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Bereavement, Female, Grief, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Suicide, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Survivors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review