Interventions for people bereaved through suicide: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Promoting the mental health of people bereaved through suicide is a key aim of the National Suicide Prevention Strategy. AIMS: To evaluate the effects of interventions to support people bereaved through suicide. METHOD: We conducted a systematic review of data from controlled studies of interventions for people bereaved through suicide. Studies were identified using systematic searches, the methodological quality of included studies was assessed and narrative synthesis conducted. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified. None was UK-based and all but one study had substantial methodological limitations. When compared with no intervention, there was evidence of some benefit from single studies of a cognitive-behavioural family intervention of four sessions with a psychiatric nurse; a psychologist-led 10-week bereavement group intervention for children; and 8-week group therapy for adults delivered by a mental health professional and volunteer. The findings from studies comparing two or more active interventions were more equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is evidence of some benefit from interventions for people bereaved by suicide, this is not robust. Further methodologically sound evidence is required to confirm whether interventions are helpful and, if so, for whom.
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Suicide prevention strategies in many high-income countries recommend provision of support for people bereaved by suicide, in view of their suicide risk, but lack an evidence base for intervening.
“Suicide prevention strategies in many high-income countries recommend providision of support for people bereaved by suicide, in view of their suicide risk (Pitman et al., 2014), but lack an evidence base for intervening (McDaid et al., 2008).”
From The stigma associated with bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A qualitative interview study (2018) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
The McDaid citation is attached to the claim about the evidence base for intervention, not the preceding claim about national strategies or suicide risk. The Conclusions say evidence of some benefit exists but is not robust and further research is needed. Thus the paper supports a lack of a robust evidence base, not an absence of evidence altogether. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntervention evidence suggests potential benefits of group-based and psychosocial approaches for some suicide-bereaved individuals, while the overall evidence base remains heterogeneous and methodologically uneven.
“This dovetails with intervention evidence suggesting potential benefits of group-based and psychosocial approaches for some suicide-bereaved individuals, while also highlighting that the overall evidence base remains heterogeneous and methodologically uneven (Linde et al., 2017;McDaid et al., 2008).”
From Relational and Institutional Disenfranchisement in Suicide Bereavement: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Family Members' Experiences (2026) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
Little is known about the effectiveness of postvention.
“While little is known of the effectiveness of postvention, this review aimed to investigate what is known of the effects of postvention service delivery models and the components that may contribute to the effectiveness.”
From Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
There is a tension between the need for psychosocial services for people bereaved by suicide and what is known about their effectiveness.
“Overall, there is a tension between the need for psychosocial services for people bereaved by suicide (Sanford et al., 2016; Pitman et al., 2018) and what is known about their effectiveness (McDaid et al., 2008; Szumilas and Kutcher, 2011; Linde et al., 2017).”
From Suicide Postvention Service Models and Guidelines 2014–2019: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as McDaid et al., 2008
Little is known about the effectiveness of suicide bereavement support.
“However, little is known about its effectiveness.”
The three systematic reviews conducted to date found some evidence of effectiveness of postvention interventions.
“The three systematic reviews conducted to-date found some evidence of effectiveness of postvention interventions [24–26].”
The three systematic reviews pointed out limitations of the field: paucity of intervention research, diversity of methodologies, and general poor quality of relevant studies.
“They also pointed out the limitations of the field, namely the paucity of intervention research in postvention, the diversity of methodologies used, and the general poor quality of the relevant studies.”
There is a paucity of trial evidence for effective interventions for people bereaved by suicide.
“The next challenges are the paucity of trial evidence for effective interventions7 and the tendency of people bereaved by suicide to avoid seeking help8 9 despite expressing clear unmet needs.10”
From Support received after bereavement by suicide and other sudden deaths: A cross-sectional UK study of 3432 young bereaved adults (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- McDaid, C., Trowman, R., Golder, S., Hawton, K., & Sowden, A.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McDaid, Catriona
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 438-443
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1966368779
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- suicide bereavement, bereavement interventions, grief after suicide, family intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, mental health support
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bereavement, Child, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Suicide, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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