Predicting human exposure and risk from chlorinated indoor swimming pool: a case study
Abstract
This study predicted human exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool. Human exposure was predicted through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes while ingestion exposure was accidental with water intake of 18-34 mL/h. The number of pool attendants and duration and frequency of swimming were in the ranges of 14-62 persons/day, 40-85 min/event, and 26-48 times/year, respectively. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in pool water and air were 28.7-95.5 μg/L and 44.1-133.6 μg/m(3), respectively, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) in pool water were 68.9-158.9 μg/L. The brominated THMs in water and air were 95.4 and 94.3% of total THMs, respectively, while brominated HAAs were 94.4 % of total HAAs. Chronic daily intakes of THMs and HAAs were 2.16 × 10(-5)-3.14 × 10(-3) and 8.4 × 10(-8)-4.6 × 10(-6) mg/kg-day, respectively. The cancer risk from three THMs and two HAAs was 2.46 × 10(-5) with a range of 8.1 × 10(-6)-5.7 × 10(-5), in which THMs contributed 99.6% of total risks. Approximately 99.3% of risks were through inhalation and dermal routes, indicating that the ingestion route may be insignificant. The cancer risks from THMs in swimming pool were 4.06-6.64 times to the cancer risks from THMs in drinking water.
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The cancer risk of THM exposure in swimming pool waters was more than four times higher than that in drinking waters.
“Similarly, Chowdhury (2015) found that the cancer risk of THM exposure in SPWs was more than four times higher than that in DWs.”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Chowdhury (2015)
Cites
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Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers
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“Swimming pool attendance has been associated with asthma and other respiratory effects in the Olympic swimmers and pool workers and less clearly with recreational adult swimmers and children (Bernard et al. 2006; Goodman and Hays 2008; Jacobs et al. 2007).”
BackgroundChlorinated Pool Attendance, Atopy, and the Risk of Asthma during Childhood
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“Following the past studies, accidental intake of water was assumed to be 18–34mL/h (ACC 2002; Evans et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2009; Schets et al. 2011).”
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Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering
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Yang, L., Chen, X., She, Q., Cao, G., Liu, Y., Chang, V. W.-C., & Tang, C. Y. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.024 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chowdhury, S.
- Affiliations
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Chowdhury, Shakhawat
- ORCID
- Chowdhury, Shakhawat
- Venue
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
- Published
- 2015-07-12
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 502-502
- ISSN
- 0167-6369 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2959
- OpenAlex
- W2235763632
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- American Chemistry Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- disinfection by-products, indoor swimming pools, chlorination, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, brominated disinfection byproducts, human exposure assessment, cancer risk, inhalation exposure, dermal exposure, chronic daily intake, swimming
- MeSH terms
- Disinfection, Drinking, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Neoplasms, Skin Absorption, Swimming Pools, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Risk Assessment, Inhalation Exposure, Trihalomethanes, Halogenation, Water Quality, Chloroacetates
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