The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Rawlsian algorithm for autonomous vehicles
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This algorithm mainly relies on Maximin procedure, a strategy of maximizing the minimum payoffs.”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben (2017)
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, this approach also received criticism about inequitable distribution of risks (Leben, 2017; Keeling, 2018).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben, 2017
In the citing paper
“However, this approach met with significant criticism about prioritizing the lives of passengers over other vulnerable road users, such as children (Leben, 2017, p. 99).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben, 2017, p. 99
In the citing paper
“Mercedes-Benz, for instance, has remarked that their AVs would prioritize safeguarding the car’s passengers in collision situations (Leben, 2017, pp. 98–99).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben, 2017, pp. 98–99
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Justice: Original Edition
Rawls, J. (1971) · doi:10.4159/9780674042605 · Cited by 9,496
Gauthier, D. (1987) · doi:10.1093/0198249926.001.0001 · Cited by 1,933
The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure
Skyrms, B. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165228 · Cited by 1,539
The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles
Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2654 · Cited by 1,527
Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4493 · Cited by 799
Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0844 · Cited by 790
Wallach, W., & Allen, C. (2009) · Oxford University Press · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001 · Cited by 711
Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls's Theory
Harsanyi, J. C. (1975) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1959090 · Cited by 653
Calculating QALYs, comparing QALY and DALY calculations
Sassi, F. (2006) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czl018 · Cited by 574
Binmore, K. (2005) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.001.0001 · Cited by 472
Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls’s Theory
Harsanyi, J. C. (1980) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-9327-9_4 · Cited by 377
Cost-Value Analysis in Health Care
Nord, E. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609145 · Cited by 274
Anderson, M. R., & Anderson, S. (2011) · Cited by 212
Anderson, M., & Anderson, S. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511978036 · Cited by 211
Prospects for a Kantian Machine
Powers, T. M. (2006) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2006.77 · Cited by 165
Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong
(2010) · On the Horizon The International Journal of Learning Futures · doi:10.1108/10748121011021065 · Cited by 135
Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?Preprint
Bonnefon, J., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 75
A prima facie duty approach to machine ethics and its application to elder care
Anderson, S., & Anderson, M. (2011) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · Cited by 15
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Anderson, M., Anderson, S. L., & Armen, C. (2004). Towards machine ethics. AAAI-04 Workship on Agent Orientations: theory and practice.
- Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. New York: Penguin Books.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract
Rahwan, I. (2018) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-017-9430-8 · Cited by 553
Ethical issues in focus by the autonomous vehicles industry
Martinho, A. M., Herber, N., Kroesen, M., & Chorus, C. G. (2021) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2020.1862355 · Cited by 178
Autonomous Driving Ethics: from Trolley Problem to Ethics of Risk
Geisslinger, M., Poszler, F., Betz, J., Lütge, C., & Lienkamp, M. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-021-00449-4 · Cited by 134
The Ethical Knob: ethically-customisable automated vehicles and the law
Contissa, G., Lagioia, F., & Giovanni Sartor, B. (2017) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-017-9211-z · Cited by 124
Arnold, M. H. (2021) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-020-10080-1 · Cited by 121
Metadata
- Authors
- Leben, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leben, Derek
- ORCID
- Leben, Derek
- Venue
- Ethics and Information Technology
- Published
- 2017-03-04
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-115
- ISSN
- 1388-1957 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8439
- OpenAlex
- W2593875122
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 67.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ethics and Information Technology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety
- Keywords
- autonomous vehicles, trolley problem, original position, utilitarianism, survival probability, self-interested agents, fairness
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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