Terahertz Quality Inspection for Automotive and Aviation Industries
Open accessAbstract
Nondestructive quality inspection with terahertz waves has become an emerging technology, especially in the automotive and aviation industries. Depending on the specific application, different terahertz systems—either fully electronic or based on optical laser pulses—cover the terahertz frequency region from 0.1 THz up to nearly 10 THz and provide high-speed volume inspections on the one hand and high-resolution thickness determination on the other hand. In this paper, we present different industrial applications, which we have addressed with our terahertz systems within the last couple of years. First, we show three-dimensional imaging of glass fiber–reinforced composites and foam structures, and demonstrate thickness determination of multilayer plastic tube walls. Then, we present the characterization of known and unknown multilayer systems down to some microns and the possibility of measuring the thickness of wet paints. The challenges of system reliability in industrial environments, e.g., under the impact of vibrations, and effective solutions are discussed. This paper gives an overview of state-of-the-art terahertz technology for industrial quality inspection. The presented principles are not limited to the automotive and aviation industries but can also be adapted to many other industrial fields.
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By knowing the refractive indices of the layers under test, the thickness of each layer can be derived from extended analysis of the reflected or transmitted terahertz signal even for sub-wavelength thicknesses.
“By knowing the refractive indices of the layers under test, the thickness of each layer can be derived from extended analysis of the reflected (or transmitted) terahertz signal even for sub-wavelength thicknesses [2-4].”
From Electronic phase detection with a sub-10 fs timing jitter for terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Section 3, “Submillimeter Layer Characterization” (page unavailable), says model-based retrieval can extract the thicknesses of sub-wavelength layers from reflective terahertz measurements, including multilayer measurements. It also says optical constants can be determined alongside thickness, so knowing the refractive indices is not necessarily required. The passages found do not establish the claim’s transmitted-signal alternative. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Direct and integrating sampling in terahertz receivers from wafer-scalable InAs nanowires
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The Conjugate Gradient Least Square Algorithm in Terahertz Tomography
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Fast THz-TDS Reflection Imaging with ECOPS—Point-by-Point versus Line-by-Line Scanning
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600-GHz Fourier imaging based on heterodyne detection at the 2nd sub-harmonic
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Rapid diagnosis of corrosion beneath epoxy protective coating using non-contact THz-TDS technique
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Non-destructive evaluation of coatings using terahertz reflection spectroscopy
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Terahertz non-destructive testing of power generator bars with a dielectric waveguide antenna
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Self-citationHandheld Millimeter Wave Imaging System based on a Two-Dimensional Multistatic Sparse Array
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Self-citationDirect laser writing of 3D metallic mid‐ and far‐infrared wave components
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Defect Detection in Bidirectional Glass Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastics Based on 3-D-THz Imaging
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High range resolution wideband terahertz FMCW radar with a large depth of field
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Hand-Guided Mobile Terahertz 3D Imaging Platform with Aspherical Telecentric f-θ Optics
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Self-citationTerahertz deep learning fusion computed tomography
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Achromatic Quarter-Waveplate for the Terahertz Frequency Range Made by 3D Printing
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Estimating Thoracic Movement with High-Sampling Rate THz Technology
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Image restoration algorithm for terahertz FMCW radar imaging
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Non-destructive evaluation of artillery combustible cartridge case using terahertz radiation
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Tunable ultrabroadband hybrid terahertz emitter combining a spintronic and a GaSe source
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Applications of Terahertz Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Advances and Future Prospects
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Laser-driven few-cycle terahertz sources with high average power
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Hybrid multi-head physics-informed neural network for depth estimation in terahertz imaging
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Glass–Adhesive–Steel Joint Inspection Using Mechanic and High Frequency Electromagnetic Waves
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Fully Superconducting Josephson Bolometers for Gigahertz Astronomy
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A Priori Information and Off-Axis Measurements in Terahertz Tomography
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Self-citationCoherent Off-Axis Terahertz Tomography with a Multi-Channel Array and f-theta Optics
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Self-citationEnhancing Vector Network Analysis With a Photonic Frequency Extender Setup
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Self-citationTerahertz imaging arrays for industrial inline measurements
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Terahertz Displacement Sensing Based on Interface States of Hetero-Structures
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A Terahertz 3-D Imaging Method for Complex Internal Structure of Object
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- Authors
- Ellrich, F., Bauer, M., Schreiner, N., Keil, A., Pfeiffer, T., Klier, J., Weber, S., Jonuscheit, J., Friederich, F., & Molter, D.
- Affiliations
- TH Bingen University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (DE)
- University of Kaiserslautern (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ellrich, F.
- Venue
- Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
- Published
- 2019-11-26
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 470-489
- ISSN
- 1866-6892 (ISSN-L)
- 1866-6906
- OpenAlex
- W2991089963
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 6.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
- Keywords
- terahertz imaging, automotive industry, airline industry, glass fiber reinforced composites, foam structure, 3D imaging, thickness measurement, system reliability, vibration resistance
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