The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autism after Adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year Follow-up Study of 120 Individuals with Autism Diagnosed in Childhood
Abstract
Background Prospective population-based follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism followed from childhood to adulthood.Methods Individuals with autism, diagnosed in childhood, were followed prospectively for a period of 13-22 years and re-evaluated at ages 17-40 years. The instruments used at follow-up were the DISCO, WAIS-R, WISC-III, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, psychiatric-medical examination and GAF-scale. A set of criteria was used for the classification of outcomes, taking into consideration employment, higher education/vocational training, independent living and peer relations.Results Six of the 120 (5%) had died at the time of follow-up, and six declined participation. Overall outcome was poor in 78% of cases. Only four individuals were independent albeit leading fairly isolated lives. Childhood IQ-level was positively correlated with better adult outcome, as was the existence of some communicative phrase speech at age six years.Conclusions Children with autism as diagnosed in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s may have an even worse psychosocial outcome than previously believed.
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“Indeed, acquiring spoken language before age five has been heralded as the single most important achievement leading to the best social outcomes of children with autism.9,10,11,12”
From Longitudinal follow-up of children with autism receiving targeted interventions on joint attention and play (2012) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
Cites
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“in-depth clinical interview, the Handicaps, Behaviours, and Skills Schedule (Wing, 1980), the Childhood Autism Rating Scale ( Schopler, Reichler, DeVellis, & Daly, 1980 ), and the Autistic Behavior Checklist (Krug, Arick, & Almond, 1980)).”
BackgroundVineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Sparrow, S. S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1602 · Cited by 1,984
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“It has excellent interrater and test–retest reliability, and is highly valid for assigning diagnoses (including common comorbidity diagnoses) in the autism spectrum (Wing et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAsperger Syndrome—Some Epidemiological Considerations: A Research Note
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Self-citation
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Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61539-1 · Cited by 2,371
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · Cited by 1,859
The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders
Baxter, A. J., Brugha, T. S., Erskine, H. E., Scheurer, R. W., Vos, T., & Scott, J. G. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400172x · Cited by 1,224
“We found four remission studies for ASDs (Cantwell & Baker, 1989; Howlin et al. 2004; Billstedt et al. 2005; Cederlund et al. 2008) and two for excess all-cause mortality (Shavelle et al.”
BackgroundPremature mortality in autism spectrum disorder
Hirvikoski, T., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Boman, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Bölte, S. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 · Cited by 1,011
Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders
Hofvander, B., Delorme, R., Chaste, P., Nydén, A., Wentz, E., Ståhlberg, O., Herbrecht, E., Stopin, A., Anckarsäter, H., Gillberg, C., et al. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-35 · Cited by 812
“A few long-term prospective follow-up studies have so far shown high diagnostic stability [6,7].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, C.
- Affiliations
- Drottning Silvias barn- och ungdomssjukhus (SE)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Billstedt, Eva
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 351-360
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2094623935
- Cited by
- 783
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 8.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, adult outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, independent living, employment, higher education, vocational education, peer relationships, IQ, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Cognition Disorders, Epilepsy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Population Surveillance, Prevalence
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