The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter‐rater reliability and clinical use
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) is a schedule for the diagnosis of autistic spectrum and related disorders and assessment of individual needs. It enables information to be recorded systematically for a wide range of behaviours and developmental skills and is suitable for use with all ages and levels of ability. In addition to helping the clinician to obtain a profile of each individual's pattern of development and behaviour, the DISCO also enables identification of specific features found in autistic spectrum disorders that are relevant for use with established diagnostic systems. Method: This paper describes the historical background of the DISCO, outlines its structure and reports the results of an inter‐rater reliability study with parents of 82 children aged 3 to 11 years with autistic spectrum disorder, learning disability, language disorder or typical development. Results: Inter‐rater reliability for the items in the interview was high (kappa coefficient or intra‐class correlation at .75 or higher). This level of agreement was achieved for over 80% of the interview items.
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Two psychiatrists confirmed the diagnosis using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders.
“Two psychiatrists (HK and TM) confirmed the diagnosis using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders.26”
From Oxytocin efficacy is modulated by dosage and oxytocin receptor genotype in young adults with high-functioning autism: a 24-week randomized clinical trial (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Wing, Gould, & Taylor, 2002; Wing, Leekam, Libby, Gould, & Larcombe, 2002 ).”
Trends in Antipsychotic Use in Dementia 1999-2007
Kales, H. C., Zivin, K., Kim, H. M., Valenstein, M. M., Chiang, C., Ignacio, R. V., Ganoczy, D. A., Cunningham, F. E., Schneider, L. S. S., & Blow, F. C. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.200 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Young, S., Hollingdale, J., Absoud, M., Bolton, P., Branney, P., Colley, W., Craze, E., Dave, M., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., et al. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01585-y · Cited by 162 · see citing works
What Do We Know About Suicidality in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Systematic Review
Segers, M., & Rawana, J. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1375 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Matson, J. L., Nebel-Schwalm, M. S., & Matson, M. L. (2006) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2006.07.004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Matson, J. L., & Wilkins, J. W. (2006) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2006.07.003 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Saito, M., Hirota, T., Sakamoto, Y., Adachi, M., Takahashi, M., Osato-Kaneda, A., Kim, Y. S., Leventhal, B., Shui, A., Kato, S., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00342-5 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Matson, J. L., Boisjoli, J. A., Hess, J. A., & Wilkins, J. W. (2010) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518420903213576 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg’s Criteria for Asperger Syndrome
Leekam, S., Libby, S. J., Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2000) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361300004001002 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationAspects of bacteriology and endocrinology of cows with pyometra and retained fetal membranes
Olson, J. D., Ball, L. K., Mortimer, R. G., Farin, P. W., Adney, W. S., & Huffman, E. M. (1984) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.1984.45.11.2251 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Dyadic orienting and joint attention in preschool children with autism
Leekam, S. R., & Ramsden, C. A. H. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0054-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“In addition to the current study, a parent interview study ( Wing, Libby, Leekam, Gould & Larcombe, 2002; Leekam, Libby, Wing, Gould, & Taylor, 2002) and an experimental study (Leekam, Lopez, & Moore, 2000) were conducted.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAutism and Learning Disability
O’Brien, G., & Pearson, J. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361304042718 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration
Keen, D. V., Reid, F. D., & Arnone, D. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065490 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Simonoff, E. A., Kent, R. G., Stringer, D., Lord, C., Briskman, J., Lukito, S., Pickles, A. R., Charman, T., & Baird, G. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.020 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Milne, E., Scope, A., Pascalis, O., Buckley, D., & Makeig, S. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.017 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Diagnostic Instruments in Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Lord, C., & Corsello, C. (2005) · Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1002/9780470939352.ch2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Auditory Characteristics of Children with Autism
Tharpe, A. M., Bess, F. H., Sladen, D. P., Schissel, H., Couch, S., & Schery, T. K. (2006) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/01.aud.0000224981.60575.d8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Conclusions: Children with autism demonstrated essentially equivalent results on a battery of physiological auditory tests as those obtained from typically developing children.”
ResultMiniscalco, C., Nygren, G., Hagberg, B., Kadesjö, B., & Gillberg, C. (2006) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162206000788 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…from autistic disorder were underwent further in-depth examination including an interview with the parent by using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication disorders (DISCO-10), a semistructured interview covering developmental skills and the broad autism spectrum (Wing et al. 2002).”
MethodAbnormal EEG lateralization in boys with autism
Stroganova, T. A., Nygren, G., Tsetlin, M. M., Posikera, I. N., Gillberg, C., Elam, M., & Orekhova, E. V. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.005 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Clabaugh, C., Mahajan, K., Jain, S., Pakkar, R., Becerra, D., Shi, Z., Deng, E., Lee, R., Ragusa, G., & Matarić, M. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00110 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Common measures used for the ASD diagnoses were the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Wing et al., 2002; Tadevosyan-Leyfer et al., 2003), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000; Gotham et al., 2008), and Child Autism Rating Scale (Van Bourgondien et al., 1992).”
MethodFernell, E., Hedvall, Å., Westerlund, J., Carlsson, L. H., Eriksson, M. A., Olsson, M. B., Holm, A., Norrelgen, F., Kjellmer, L., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.08.002 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Ivarsson, T., & Melin, K. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.10.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Possibly, using a semistructured interview like the Diagnostic Interview of Social- and Communication disorders (DISCO) (Wing et al., 2002), where problems in different social- and communicative situations are elicited might give more reliable estimates.”
MethodTowards understanding the under-recognition of girls and women on the autism spectrum
Gould, J. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317706174 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) (Wing et al., 2002) is a semi-structured interview which enables a clinician to systematically collect information which not only can lead to a diagnostic label but, more importantly, can also give a detailed profile of the person.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKanfiszer, L., Davies, F., & Collins, S. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316687987 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“…to have been diagnosed with an ASD, formally, aged ⩾18 years, using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 1989, 2000), Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO; Wing et al., 2002) or Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R; Lord et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodAgeing in people with autistic spectrum disorder
Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B., Perry, E. K., Baron, M. G., Povey, C., & on behalf of the Autism Ageing Writing Group (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2711 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) (Wing et al., 2002) has been designed and evaluated for use with people in the autism spectrum of any age, from infancy to old age.”
MethodMortality in Autism: A Prospective Longitudinal Community-Based Study
Gillberg, C., Billstedt, E., Sundh, V., & Gillberg, I. C. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0883-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“In the follow-up study the Diagnostic Interview for Social and COmmuniation disorders (The DISCO, Wing et al. 2002) was used.”
Honey, E. J., Leekam, S. R., Turner, M., & McConachie, H. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0253-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Inter-rater reliability of DISCO items is high with j coefficients of 0.75 or higher in over 80% of the items ( Wing, Leekam, Libby, Gould, & Larcombe, 2002 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationJung, M., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Ishitobi, M., Morita, T., Inohara, K., Asano, M., Arai, S., Munesue, T., Tomoda, A., et al. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-35 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“It also contains items on early development, and a section on activities of daily life, thereby giving the interviewer an idea of the individual’s level of functioning in several different areas, not only social functioning and communication [35].”
BackgroundHarrop, C., McConachie, H., Emsley, R., Leadbitter, K., & Green, J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1986-5 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“1999) and the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO; Wing et al. 2002).”
MethodAllely, C. S. (2019) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-09-2018-0036 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections?
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.014 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Melville, C. A., Cooper, S., Morrison, J., Smiley, E., Allan, L., Jackson, A., Finlayson, J., & Mantry, D. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0549-7 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Whilst the use of a standardised diagnostic instrument, such as the ADI-R (Lord et al. 1994) or DISCO ( Wing et al. 2002 ) might have added to the inter-rater reliability, there is no evidence that these improve diagnostic validity compared to a gold-standard”
Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Child Population Profile
Keen, D., & Ward, S. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361304040637 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Smith, R. S., & Sharp, J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1633-6 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Dover, C. J., & Couteur, A. S. L. (2007) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2005.086280 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Children’s Version in Japan: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Uchiyama, T., Yoshida, Y., Tojo, Y., Kuroda, M., & Wheelwright, S. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0181-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“All of the psychiatrists in this study were trained in diagnosis of autistic disorders under Dr. Wing, and were qualified to use the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) (Leekam, Libby, Wing, Gould, & Taylor, 2002; Wing, Leekam, Libby, Gould, & Larcombe, 2002 ).”
MethodSensory subtypes and anxiety in older children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Uljarević, M., Lane, A., Kelly, A., & Leekam, S. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1602 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“A short questionnaire based on language items extracted from the diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders [DISCO; Wing et al., 2002] and previously used in questionnaire studies [Honey, Leekam, Turner, & McConachie, 2007; Lidstone et al., 2014] provided an estimate of expressive…”
MethodSelf-citationKosaka, H., Okamoto, Y., Munesue, T., Yamasue, H., Inohara, K., Fujioka, T., Anme, T., Orisaka, M., Ishitobi, M., Jung, M., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.152 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kappa Coefficients for Missing Data
de Raadt, A., Warrens, M. J., Bosker, R., & Kiers, H. A. L. (2019) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164418823249 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A Comparison of Reliability Coefficients for Ordinal Rating Scales
de Raadt, A., Warrens, M. J., Bosker, R., & Kiers, H. A. L. (2021) · Journal of Classification · doi:10.1007/s00357-021-09386-5 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Barrett, S. L., Uljarević, M., Baker, E. K., Richdale, A. L., Jones, C. R. G., & Leekam, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2514-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The Repetitive Behaviour Questionnaire-2 (RBQ-2; Leekam et al. 2007b) is a twenty item questionnaire, with items directly derived from a standardised clinical interview tool, the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO; Wing et al. 2002).”
MethodA Systematic Examination of Catatonia‐like Clinical Pictures in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Wing, L., & Shah, A. (2006) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72002-x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationBeacher, F. D. C. C., Minati, L., Baron‐Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M., Gray, M. A., Harrison, N. A., & Critchley, H. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2880 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The impact of robotic intervention on joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorders
Kumazaki, H., Yoshikawa, Y., Yoshimura, Y., Ikeda, T., Hasegawa, C., Saito, D. N., Tomiyama, S., An, K., Shimaya, J., Ishiguro, H., et al. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0230-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“The children with ASD were diagnosed using the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) [35], the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) [36], and the DSM-5 criteria at the time of recruitment for this study.”
MethodValidation of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire in a Total Population Sample
Posserud, M.-B. R., Lundervold, A. J., & Gillberg, C. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0609-z · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“) assessed 48 of the 56 ASD screen positive children in the third phase with the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO, tenth revision) (Wing et al. 2002).”
DuBois, D., Lymer, E., Gibson, B. E., Desarkar, P., & Nalder, E. J. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7080108 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“As previously mentioned, several questionnaires (GSQ, DISCO, SBS and SR-AS) were developed specifically for individuals with ASD.”
MethodInfluentialSmaller insula and inferior frontal volumes in young adults with pervasive developmental disorders
Kosaka, H., Omori, M., Munesue, T., Ishitobi, M., Matsumura, Y., Takahashi, T., Narita, K., Murata, T., Saito, D. N., Uchiyama, H. T., et al. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.085 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Author T.M. was trained in the diagnosis of PDD under Dr. Tokio Uchiyama and was qualified to use the DISCO (DISCO Japanese edition, 2007).”
Influential
- Authors
- Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wing, Lorna
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-325
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2118415569
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Kent
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- disco, autism spectrum disorder, inter-rater reliability, diagnostic interview, learning disabilities, language disorders, parent interviews, developmental assessment, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Autistic Disorder, Child, Communication Disorders, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Behavior Disorders, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation
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