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Cited by 784Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchDisability Education and EmploymentFamily and Disability Support Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Autism after Adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year Follow-up Study of 120 Individuals with Autism Diagnosed in Childhood

Billstedt, Eva, Gillberg, Carina, Gillberg, Christopher·2005·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
DOI 10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5
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Abstract

Background Prospective population-based follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism followed from childhood to adulthood.Methods Individuals with autism, diagnosed in childhood, were followed prospectively for a period of 13-22 years and re-evaluated at ages 17-40 years. The instruments used at follow-up were the DISCO, WAIS-R, WISC-III, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, psychiatric-medical examination and GAF-scale. A set of criteria was used for the classification of outcomes, taking into consideration employment, higher education/vocational training, independent living and peer relations.Results Six of the 120 (5%) had died at the time of follow-up, and six declined participation. Overall outcome was poor in 78% of cases. Only four individuals were independent albeit leading fairly isolated lives. Childhood IQ-level was positively correlated with better adult outcome, as was the existence of some communicative phrase speech at age six years.Conclusions Children with autism as diagnosed in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s may have an even worse psychosocial outcome than previously believed.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. M. Rutter, 1978, Autism. A reappraisal of concepts and treatment, 1
  2. D. Wechsler, 1981, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised
  3. D. Wechsler, 1992b, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised
  4. L. Wing, 1990, Handicap, behaviours and skills schedule
  5. World Health Organisation, 1993, The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders (ICD-10). Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines

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Metadata

Authors
Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, C.
Affiliations
  • Drottning Silvias barn- och ungdomssjukhus (SE)
  • St George's, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
Billstedt, Eva
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2005-06
Volume
35
Issue
3
Pages
351-360
ISSN
  • 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-3432
DOI
10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5
OpenAlex
W2094623935
Cited by
783
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 48
FWCI
8.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, adult outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, independent living, employment, higher education, vocational education, peer relationships, IQ, long-term follow-up
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child, Cognition Disorders, Epilepsy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Population Surveillance, Prevalence

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