Using standardized diagnostic instruments to classify children with autism in the study to explore early development
Open accessAbstract
The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multi-site case-control study designed to explore the relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenotypes and etiologies. The goals of this paper are to (1) describe the SEED algorithm that uses the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) to classify children with ASD, (2) examine psychometric properties of different ASD classification methods, including the SEED method that incorporates rules for resolving ADI-R and ADOS discordance, and (3) determine whether restricted interests and repetitive behaviors were noted for children who had instrument discordance resolved using ADI-R social and communication scores. Results support the utility of SEED criteria when well-defined groups of children are an important clinical or research outcome.
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- Findingown data
The SEED criteria are useful for classifying children when well-defined groups are important for clinical or research purposes.
“Results support the utility of SEED criteria when well-defined groups of children are an important clinical or research outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
SEED criteria also classified 87 children who were classified as ASD by the study clinician but had a mental age less than 24 months.
“SEED criteria also classified 87 children with ASD also classified as ASD by the study clinician but had a mental age less than 24 months”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
SEED ASD criteria classified 27 more children defined as non-ASD by the clinician than concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R.
“Likewise, SEED ASD criteria classified 27 more children defined as non-ASD by the clinician than concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The SEED final classifications for the 2,600 children were ASD (n=707), DD (n=995), and POP (n=898).
“The SEED final classifications for these children were ASD (n = 707), DD (n = 995), and POP (n = 898).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
16.9% of children with a previous ASD diagnosis did not meet SEED criteria for an ASD.
“We found that 16.9 % of children with a previous ASD diagnosis did not meet SEED criteria for an ASD”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Many children defined as DD and POP had ASD symptoms noted on the SCQ, ADOS, and/or ADI-R.
“Moreover, many children defined as DD and POP had ASD symptoms noted on the SCQ, ADOS, and/or ADI-R.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The study sample comprised 2,600 children who completed enough of the clinic visit to be classified as ASD or non-ASD.
“The sample described in this paper is those 2,600 children who were classified as ASD or non-ASD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
SEED ASD criteria showed higher sensitivity (0.86) than ADI-R alone (0.77) or concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R (0.75).
“with SEED ASD criteria showing higher sensitivity than the ADI-R alone or concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R results (0.86, 0.77, and 0.75, respectively)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
More than half of the children with discordance resolved had repetitive use of objects and sensitivity to noise noted on the ADI-R.
“More than half of these children had repetitive use of objects and sensitivity to noise noted on the ADI-R.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R showed higher specificity (0.82) than ADI-R alone (0.73) or SEED ASD criteria (0.74).
“concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R results showing higher specificity than ADI-R alone or SEED ASD criteria (0.82, 0.73, and 0.74, respectively; Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Analyses supporting an SCQ cutoff of 11 in young children were replicated in the SEED sample.
“Analyses that support a SCQ cutoff score of 11 points in young children were subsequently replicated in the SEED sample (unpublished data).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites unpublished data
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Only one of the 96 children who met SEED ADI-R and ADOS discordance criteria did not have any RRB noted on the ADI-R or ADOS.
“only one of the 96 children who met SEED ADI-R and ADOS discordance criteria did not have any RRB noted on the ADI-R or ADOS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Of 1,064 children who received a comprehensive evaluation for ASD, 707 (66.4%) were defined as ASD.
“There were 1,064 children who received a comprehensive evaluation for ASD and 707 (66.4 %) of these children were defined as ASD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Specificity of the ADOS and ADI-R improved in the sample when the instruments were used in conjunction rather than alone.
“Specificity of the ADOS and ADI-R improved in our sample when the instruments were used in conjunction rather than when they were used alone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children with ADI-R and ADOS discordance resolved were more likely to be defined as ASD by a study clinician than children without discordance resolved.
“Additionally, these children were more likely to be defined as ASD by a study clinician than children who did not have an ADI-R and ADOS discordance resolved.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R missed 62 more children defined as ASD by the clinician than SEED ASD criteria.
“Concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R missed 62 more children defined as ASD by the clinician than SEED ASD criteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Best-estimate clinical judgment from experienced, reliable clinicians who use standardized diagnostic instruments is the strongest predictor of stable ASD diagnoses.
“It is now well established that best estimate clinical judgment by experienced and reliable clinicians informed by standardized diagnostic instruments is the best predictor of stable ASD diagnoses (Lord et al. 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lord et al. 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
ADI-R and ADOS scores provide a uniform, replicable method for characterizing ASD symptoms in large cohorts.
“First, ADI-R and ADOS scores are assigned by experienced and reliable clinicians and offer a uniform method of characterizing ASD symptoms in large cohorts of children that can be replicated in other studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
ADI-R and ADOS scores used together are sensitive and specific for detecting ASD in children.
“However, scores from the ADI-R and ADOS are both sensitive and specific in detecting children with ASD when used in combination (Risi et al. 2006), and offer several advantages to classify children with ASD in clinical practice and research studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Risi et al. 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
ADI-R and ADOS symptom profiles allow creation of ASD subgroups based on observed or reported symptoms that may represent different behavioral trajectories and phenotypes.
“Second, symptom profiles gleaned from the ADI-R and ADOS allow the opportunity to create ASD sub-groups based on observed and/or reported symptoms that could represent a range of behavioral trajectories and phenotypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Clinical judgment at age 2 predicted ASD diagnoses at age 9 better than ADI-R and ADOS results used alone.
“For instance, Lord et al. (2006) found that clinical judgment at 2 years of age predicted ASD diagnoses at 9 years of age more than results of standardized diagnostic instruments—the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)—when these instruments were used alone (Gotham et al. 2007; Lord et al. 1994, 1999, 2000, 2012; Rutter et al. 2003b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Previous studies have found that the probability of ADOS agreement with diagnostic criteria is inversely related to the child's level of functioning.
“Previous studies have found the probability of ADOS agreement with diagnostic criteria is inversely related to level of functioning for the child (de Bildt et al. 2004)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites de Bildt et al. 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductnone given
The clinician who completed the OARS-adapted also had access to SCQ screen results, medical and psychiatric histories, and results of self-administered questionnaires assessing the child's behavioral and social functioning.
“This clinician also had access to SCQ screen results, medical and psychiatric histories, and results of self-administered questionnaires that assessed the behavioral and social functioning of the child.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
SEED ASD criteria may detect more well-defined groups of children than other ASD classification schemes.
“SEED ASD criteria may detect more well-defined groups of children than other ASD classification schemes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Clinical judgment was based on all available information instead of one or a few diagnostic instruments.
“Thus, clinical judgment was based on all available information instead of one or a few diagnostic instruments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Relaxed ADI-R criteria have not been evaluated for whether they capture children with RRB noted on ADOS or ADI-R, which is now a required DSM diagnostic criterion.
“However, these criteria have not been evaluated to determine whether they capture children with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRB) noted on the ADOS or ADI-R, which is now a required diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [American Psychiatric Association (APA) 2013].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites APA 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Despite limitations, the findings support the use of ADI-R and ADOS scores in classifying children with ASD in clinical practice and research when creating well-defined groups is important.
“Despite these limitations, our findings support the use of ADI-R and ADOS scores in classifying children with ASD in clinical practice and research studies when creating well-defined groups of children is important to the diagnostic or treatment process or research design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Children with a mental age below 24 months were excluded from psychometric analyses because clinical judgment was used as the referent standard and to define ASD status for them.
“Children with a mental age less than 24 months were excluded from psychometric analyses since clinical judgment was used as the referent standard and to define ASD status for these children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The SEED final classification algorithm was based on best practice guidelines, literature review, and clinical experience.
“The SEED final classification algorithm was based on best practice guidelines, review of the literature, and clinical experience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The mean cognitive standard score for children in the sample is similar to other studies with similar samples of young children with ASD.
“Yet the mean cognitive standard score for children in our sample is similar to other studies with similar samples of young children with ASD (Risi et al. 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Risi et al. 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductreasoning
Clinical judgment determined by the OARS-adapted and results of the ADI-R and ADOS were not independent of one another.
“First, clinical judgment determined by the OARS-adapted and results of the ADI-R and ADOS were not independent of one another”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Earlier studies show that a cutoff of 11 on the SCQ gives the best balance of sensitivity and specificity for young children.
“However, based on past research that indicates an SCQ score of 11 maximizes sensitivity and specificity in young children, SEED investigators defined an SCQ score of 11 points or higher as an indicator of risk for an ASD (Allen et al. 2007; Lee et al. 2007; Wiggins et al. 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
The psychometric properties of SEED ASD criteria were not presented for children with a mental age less than 24 months.
“Thus, the psychometric properties of SEED ASD criteria were not presented for these children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ADI-R is not a valid instrument for children with a mental age below 24 months.
- Premisecitation
The SEED discordance criteria required the child to meet either the social deficits or communication domain cutoff but not the RRB domain, even though RRB are now a necessary component of ASD diagnosis.
“The discordance criteria adopted in SEED required the child to meet either the cutoff score in the social deficits domain or communication domain but not the RRB domain, even though RRB are now a necessary component of the ASD diagnosis (APA 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites APA 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Another advantage of the SEED final classification algorithm is the introduction of detailed classifications and sub-classifications that allow exploration of different pathways of development and the range of behavioral phenotypes.
“Another advantage of the SEED final classification algorithm is the introduction of detailed classifications and sub-classifications that allow exploration of different pathways of development and the range of behavioral phenotypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Clinical judgment was used to define ASD in children with a mental age less than 24 months because low mental age makes the ADI-R invalid.
“Second, clinical judgment was used to define ASD in children with a mental age less than 24 months since low mental age deems the ADI-R invalid.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ADI-R is not a valid instrument for children with a mental age below 24 months.
- Interpretationown data
Discordant ADI-R and ADOS results present a challenge to both clinicians and researchers who rely on these instruments for ASD classification.
“Discordant ADI-R and ADOS results thus present a challenge to both clinicians and researchers who rely on these instruments for ASD classification.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These classifications and sub-classifications are not available when children with ASD are classified using clinician judgment, diagnostic criteria, or one diagnostic instrument alone.
“These classifications and sub-classifications are not available when children with ASD are classified using clinician judgment, diagnostic criteria, or one diagnostic instrument alone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Using diagnostic instruments to classify children with ASD may be advantageous when well-defined groups are an important clinical or research outcome.
“However, use of diagnostic instruments to classify children with ASD may be advantageous when well-defined groups of children are an important clinical or research outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 27
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataDiscordant ADI-R and ADOS results were found in 17.6% of children administered a comprehensive developmental evaluation in SEED, supporting previous findings.
“We found discordant ADI-R and ADOS results in 17.6 % of children administered a comprehensive developmental evaluation in SEED, which supports previous findings (de Bildt te al. 2004; Le Couter et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong 52 children defined as POP who received a comprehensive evaluation but did not meet SEED ASD criteria, 10 had ASD characteristics on the ADOS, 3 on the ADI-R, and 39 neither.
“There were 52 children defined as POP who received a comprehensive evaluation for ASD but did not meet SEED ASD criteria: 10 had ASD characteristics observed on the ADOS, 3 had ASD characteristics reported on the ADI-R, and 39 did not have ASD characteristics observed on the ADOS or reported on the ADI-R.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOnly 372 children had a known previous ASD diagnosis at recruitment; the other 228 children with a previous ASD diagnosis had it reported later by a parent.
“Only 372 children were reported to have a known previous ASD diagnosis at the time of recruitment; the other 228 children with a previous ASD diagnosis had the diagnosis reported by a parent on the invitation call or during the caregiver interview.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong the 707 children defined as ASD, 600 (84.9%) had a previous ASD diagnosis, 97 (13.7%) had a previous DD but not ASD diagnosis, and 10 (1.4%) were identified from state vital records.
“Of the 707 children defined as ASD, 600 (84.9 %) had a previous ASD diagnosis, 97 (13.7 %) had a previous DD but not ASD diagnosis, and 10 (1.4 %) were identified from state vital records.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown dataA total of 1,017 children who completed a comprehensive evaluation for ASD also had a study clinician complete the OARS-adapted.
“A total of 1,017 children who completed a comprehensive evaluation for ASD also had a study clinician complete the OARS-adapted to gauge his or her clinical judgment of whether the child met criteria for ASD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSEED ASD criteria classified 62 more children with a mental age of at least 24 months than concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R, with a slight compromise in specificity but no compromise in PPV and an increase in NPV.
“Specifically, SEED ASD criteria classified 62 more children with a mental age of at least 24 months than concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R, although there was a slight compromise in specificity (there was no compromise in PPV and an increase in NPV).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataChildren who had ADI-R and ADOS discordance resolved had some RRB noted on both instruments; only one child with discordance resolved had no RRB noted on either instrument.
“However, our analyses found that children who had ADI-R and ADOS discordance resolved had some RRB noted on both instruments; only one child who had ADI-R and ADOS discordance resolved did not have any RRB noted on either instrument.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the 922 children, the ADOS alone yielded the highest sensitivity (.92) but the lowest specificity (.61) compared to other classification schemes.
“For these children, the ADOS alone yielded the highest sensitivity (.92) but the lowest specificity (.61) compared to other classification schemes (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOf the children defined as ASD in SEED, 84.9% had a previous ASD diagnosis (52.6% at recruitment), 13.7% were identified from community providers as having DD but not ASD, and 1.4% were identified from state vital records.
“Specifically, of the children defined as ASD in SEED, 84.9 % were identified with a previous ASD diagnosis (52.6 % were identified with a previous ASD diagnosis at the time of recruitment), 13.7 % were identified from community providers as a child with DD (but not ASD) and 1.4 % were identified from state vital records.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe ADOS had high sensitivity but low specificity; sensitivity decreased but specificity improved when the ADOS and ADI-R were used together; sensitivity continued to improve when SEED ASD criteria were applied.
“For instance, we found high sensitivity but low specificity of the ADOS; sensitivity decreased but specificity improved when the ADOS and ADI-R were used together (concordant positive ADOS and ADI-R). Moreover, sensitivity continued to improve when SEED ASD criteria were applied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMean MSEL early learning composite scores were 66.9 for children classified as ASD, 86.3 for DD, and 102.3 for POP.
“The mean MSEL early learning composite for children in our sample were 66.9 points for children classified as ASD, 86.3 points for children classified as DD, and 102.3 points for children classified as POP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong 305 children defined as DD who received a comprehensive evaluation but did not meet SEED ASD criteria, 122 (40.0%) had a previous ASD diagnosis and 183 (60.0%) had a previous DD but not ASD diagnosis.
“There were 305 children defined as DD who received a comprehensive evaluation for ASD but did not meet SEED ASD criteria: 122 (40.0 %) of these children had a previous ASD diagnosis”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“and 183 (60.0 %) of these children had a previous DD but not ASD diagnosis”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Results · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningIt is important for clinical practice and epidemiologic research to develop standardized criteria that can classify and characterize children with ASD.
“As such, developing standardized criteria that can both classify and characterize children with ASD is important for clinical practice and epidemiologic research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenDefining ASD phenotypes is challenging because of heterogeneity in symptom presentation and severity and because diagnosis relies on behavioral criteria.
“Yet defining ASD phenotypes has been challenging given the heterogeneity in symptom presentation and severity and the reliance on behavioral criteria to define the disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSEED is a multi-site case-control study of children aged 30-68 months designed to explore relationships between ASD phenotypes and etiologies or genetic/environmental risk factors.
“The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multi-site case–control study designed to explore the relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) phenotypes and etiologies.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multi-site case–control study of children 30–68 months of age designed to explore the relationship between ASD phenotypes and various genetic and environmental risk factors (Schendel et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schendel et al. 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA primary challenge of using ADI-R and ADOS to classify ASD is that their results are not always consistent, and no standard method exists to resolve discordance when one suggests ASD and the other does not.
“One of the primary challenges of using ADI-R and ADOS scores to classify children with ASD is that results of the ADI-R and ADOS are not always consistent with each other and there is not a standard method to resolve discordance when one instrument suggests the presence of an ASD and the other instrument does not suggest presence of an ASD (de Bildt et al. 2004; Le Couter et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationUsing ADI-R and ADOS to classify children with ASD may be advantageous when well-defined groups are important for clinical or research outcomes.
“Consequently, using the ADI-R and ADOS to classify children with ASD may be advantageous when well-defined groups of children are an important clinical or research outcome (Schendel et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schendel et al. 2012
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe SEED final classification algorithm may help guide other clinical and research decisions when ASD risk is indicated on the ADOS but not the ADI-R, or when detailed sub-classifications are needed.
“The SEED final classification algorithm may therefore help guide other clinical and research decisions when ASD risk is indicated on the ADOS but not the ADI-R or detailed sub-classifications are needed to explore ASD behavioral presentations and/or risks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataQuarterly intrasite reliability was 87% on first-pass ADI-R, 99% on first-pass ADOS, and 100% on second-pass ADI-R/ADOS exercises.
“Quarterly intrasite reliability among SEED clinicians was 87 % on first-pass ADI-R exercises, 99 % on first-pass ADOS exercises, and 100 % on second-pass ADI-R and ADOS exercises for those who did not achieve reliability on the first pass.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationMany proposals have been made to address ADI-R/ADOS discordance or to loosen ADI-R criteria so that they cover a wider ASD spectrum than Autistic Disorder.
“There have been numerous proposals to resolve ADI-R and ADOS discordance or relax ADI-R criteria to include the broader spectrum of ASD in addition to the formerly defined Autistic Disorder (IMGSAC 2001; Risi et al. 2006; Sung et al. 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataClinicians administering the ADI-R and ADOS participated in pre-data collection reliability exercises, quarterly maintenance exercises, and yearly fidelity checks.
“Clinicians who administered the ADI-R and ADOS participated in pre-data collection exercises to establish reliability, at least quarterly exercises to maintain reliability, and at least yearly exercises to verify administration fidelity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe results support previous claims that the ADI-R and ADOS should be used together rather than alone because they offer additive contributions to ASD classification.
“Our results support previous claims that the ADI-R and ADOS should be used together rather than alone since they offer additive contributions to ASD classification (Risi et al. 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Risi et al. 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSEED ASD classification based on both the ADI-R and ADOS had a good balance of sensitivity and specificity, supporting the utility of these standardized instruments to classify well-defined groups in clinical practice and research.
“We found that SEED ASD classification based on results of both the ADI-R and ADOS had a good balance of sensitivity and specificity, which supports the utility of these standardized instruments to classify well-defined groups of children in clinical practice and research studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe SEED discordance resolution method was designed in consultation with instrument authors and required meeting revised ADOS ASD criteria plus one of three relaxed ADI-R criteria.
“The SEED method for resolving discordance between results of the ADI-R and ADOS was originally designed in consultation with the instrument authors and required the child to meet ASD criteria on the revised ADOS algorithms and one of three relaxed ADI-R criteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ADI-R was developed to detect Autistic Disorder rather than the broader range of ASD.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataThese findings are significant for shaping future population-based studies that seek an adequate balance of sensitivity and specificity and rely on sample size for statistical power.
“These findings are significant for shaping the future of population-based studies that seek an adequate balance of sensitivity and specificity and rely on sample size to yield the statistical power needed to conduct etiologic and other analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe findings continue to support use of both the ADI-R and ADOS for evaluation of current developmental status and improvement of ASD classification.
“Thus, our findings continue to support use of both the ADI-R and ADOS for evaluation of current developmental status and improvement of ASD classification.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningClinical judgment took into account all information available to the clinician, which is comparable to best estimate clinical diagnosis.
“although clinical judgment took into account all information available to the clinician which is comparable to best estimate clinical diagnosis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRelaxed ADI-R criteria are sensitive and efficient for detecting ASD in various populations.
“These relaxed criteria have been shown to be both sensitive and efficient in detecting children with ASD in a variety of populations (de Bildt et al. 2013; Risi et al. 2006; Sung et al. 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataQuarterly inter-site reliability among SEED clinicians was 99% on first-pass and 100% on second-pass ADI-R/ADOS exercises.
“Overall, quarterly inter-site reliability among SEED clinicians was 99 % on first-pass ADI-R and ADOS exercises and 100 % on second-pass ADI-R and ADOS exercises, for those who did not achieve reliability on the first pass.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe clinician who completed the OARS-adapted was often, but not always, the clinician who administered the ADOS and/or had access to ADI-R results.
“The clinician who completed the OARS-adapted was often, but not always, the clinician who administered the ADOS and/or had access to ADI-R results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataPsychometric analyses were conducted on 922 children who completed a comprehensive evaluation, had the OARS-adapted completed, and had a mental age of at least 24 months.
“Psychometric properties of the ADOS alone, ADI-R alone, concordant ADI-R and ADOS and SEED ASD criteria were conducted on the sample of children who completed a comprehensive evaluation for ASD, had a study clinician complete the OARS-adapted, and had a mental age of at least 24 months (n = 922).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The ADI-R is not a valid instrument for children with a mental age below 24 months.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSome proposals overlap and define relaxed ADI-R criteria for ASD as meeting cutoff on social or communication domain and being within two points of cutoff on the other domain.
“Some of these proposals overlap with one another (Risi et al. 2006; Sung et al. 2005) and define relaxed ADI-R criteria for ASD as meeting the cutoff score on the social deficits domain or communication deficits domain and being within two points of the cutoff score on the social or communication domain not met.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataThese findings indicate caution is needed when classifying children for research based solely on existing diagnoses at recruitment or lack of diagnoses at these young ages.
“These findings also indicate caution is needed when classifying children for research based solely on existing diagnoses at the time of recruitment or lack of diagnoses at these young ages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSEED clinicians have advanced degrees and experience in assessing and diagnosing children with ASD.
“SEED clinicians have advanced degrees in developmental pediatrics, developmental psychology, clinical psychology and related fields and experience with the assessment and diagnosis of children with ASD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThese results highlight the heterogeneous nature of ASD and could indicate problems with differential diagnosis, continuous distribution of ASD symptoms in child samples, or selection bias among families who agreed to participate in SEED.
“These results highlight the heterogeneous nature of ASD and could indicate problems with differential diagnosis, continuous distribution of ASD symptoms in child samples, or selection bias among families who agreed to participate in SEED.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationnone givenDiagnostic instruments alone cannot replace informed clinical judgment when diagnosing children with ASD.
“Diagnostic instruments alone cannot replace informed clinical judgment when diagnosing children with ASD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe ADOS alone yielded the lowest specificity and highest false positive rate compared to other schemes, which could be an artifact of the young mean age and cognitive abilities of the sample.
“As mentioned previously, the ADOS alone yielded the lowest specificity and highest false positive rate compared to any other classification scheme, which could be an artifact of the young mean age and cognitive abilities of our sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The SCQ recommends a score of 15 or greater as an indicator of ASD risk.
“The SCQ recommends a score of 15 points or greater as an indicator of risk for an ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ADI-R was developed to detect Autistic Disorder rather than the broader range of ASD.
“The ADI-R criteria were relaxed since the ADI-R was developed to detect individuals with Autistic Disorder rather than the broader range of ASD sought in SEED.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ADI-R can only be used with children whose mental age is 24 months or older.
“Clinical judgment was considered for children with a mental age of less than 24 months since the ADI-R is appropriate only for children with a mental age of at least 24 months.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many children with ID also have co-occurring ASD, despite invalid ADI-R scores.
“However, SEED investigators recognized that many children who have ID also have co-occurring ASD, despite invalid ADI-R scores, and wanted to classify a representative sample of children with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ADI-R is not a valid instrument for children with a mental age below 24 months.
“since low mental age deems the ADI-R invalid”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous analyses found that the SEED final classification criteria had a good balance of sensitivity and specificity compared with clinical judgment of ASD versus another developmental disorder.
“Previous analyses found that SEED final classification criteria had a good balance of sensitivity and specificity when compared to clinical judgment of whether the child had ASD or another DD, and support the use of these instruments when defining ASD case status in SEED [29].”
From DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder maximizes diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in preschool children (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
Kappa agreement between SEED2 final classification status and clinical judgment was 0.71.
“Moreover, kappa agreement between SEED2 final classification status and clinical judgment was 0.71, reflecting substantial agreement.”
From DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder maximizes diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in preschool children (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
The Methods (Statistical Analyses) compare SEED ASD classification with clinical judgment using sensitivity and specificity, and the Results report those measures. Searches for “SEED2,” “kappa,” and “0.71” found no passage reporting the claimed kappa agreement; this paper’s discussion of SEED classification does not verify that SEED2 figure. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredASD group children satisfied ADOS criteria and either full ADI-R criteria or one of three ADI-R alternatives.
“Children in the final ASD group (n=1429) met ASD diagnostic criteria on the ADOS and either the full ASD diagnostic criteria on the ADI-R or one of three alternate criteria on the ADI-R, as detailed in Wiggins et al. (34)”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
Final group classification relied on a multi-stage procedure using gold-standard clinical assessments.
“We sampled a subset of children enrolled in SEED who had completed a multi-stage process, using gold standard clinical assessments, to determine their final study group classification (ASD, DD, or POP) (34).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
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InfluentialLevy, S. E., Giarelli, E., Lee, L.-C., Schieve, L. A., Kirby, R. S., Cunniff, C., Nicholas, J., Reaven, J., & Rice, C. E. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181d5d03b · Cited by 504 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Influentialde Bildt, A., Sytema, S., Ketelaars, C., Kraijer, D., Mulder, E., Volkmar, F., & Minderaa, R. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022604.22374.5f · Cited by 278 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Previous studies have found the probability of ADOS agreement with diagnostic criteria is inversely related to level of functioning for the child (de Bildt et al. 2004) and the mean cognitive standard score for children classified as ASD in SEED was 66.9 points.”
InfluentialDiagnostic Stability in Very Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kleinman, J. M., Ventola, P. E., Pandey, J., Verbalis, A. D., Barton, M., Hodgson, S., Green, J., Dumont-Mathieu, T., Robins, D. L., & Fein, D. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0427-8 · Cited by 272 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…16.9 % of children with a previous ASD diagnosis did not meet SEED criteria for an ASD, which could suggest improvement in symptoms or challenges with ASD assessment and diagnosis at young ages (Lord et al. 2006; Kleinman et al. 2008; Sutera et al. 2007; Turner et al. 2006; Wiggins et al. 2012).”
InfluentialFollow-up of children with autism spectrum disorders from age 2 to age 9
Turner, L. M., Stone, W. L., Pozdol, S. L., & Coonrod, E. E. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306063296 · Cited by 261 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…16.9 % of children with a previous ASD diagnosis did not meet SEED criteria for an ASD, which could suggest improvement in symptoms or challenges with ASD assessment and diagnosis at young ages (Lord et al. 2006; Kleinman et al. 2008; Sutera et al. 2007; Turner et al. 2006; Wiggins et al. 2012).”
InfluentialAllen, C. W., Silove, N., Williams, K., & Hutchins, P. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0279-7 · Cited by 200 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, based on past research that indicates an SCQ score of 11 maximizes sensitivity and specificity in young children, SEED investigators defined an SCQ score of 11 points or higher as an indicator of risk for an ASD (Allen et al. 2007; Lee et al. 2007; Wiggins et al. 2007).”
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“The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multi-site case–control study of children 30–68 months of age designed to explore the relationship between ASD phenotypes and various genetic and environmental risk factors (Schendel et al. 2012).”
InfluentialSelf-citationWiggins, L. D., Bakeman, R., Adamson, L. B., & Robins, D. L. (2007) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576070220010401 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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“The ADI-R criteria were relaxed since the ADI-R was developed to detect individuals with Autistic Disorder rather than the broader range of ASD sought in SEED.”
InfluentialLee, L.-C., David, A. B., Rusyniak, J., Landa, R., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2007) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2006.08.004 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, based on past research that indicates an SCQ score of 11 maximizes sensitivity and specificity in young children, SEED investigators defined an SCQ score of 11 points or higher as an indicator of risk for an ASD (Allen et al. 2007; Lee et al. 2007; Wiggins et al. 2007).”
Self-citationRetention of Autism Spectrum Diagnoses by Community Professionals
Wiggins, L. D., Baio, J., Schieve, L. A., Lee, L.-C., Nicholas, J. S., & Rice, C. E. (2012) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3182560b2f · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism and Developmental Disorders: Management of Serious Behavioral Disturbance
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de Bildt, A., Oosterling, I. J., van Lang, N. D. J., Kuijper, S., Dekker, V., Sytema, S., Oerlemans, A. M., van Steijn, D. J., Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1783-1 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These relaxed criteria have been shown to be both sensitive and efficient in detecting children with ASD in a variety of populations (de Bildt et al. 2013; Risi et al. 2006; Sung et al. 2005).”
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003a). SCQ: Social Communication Questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003b). ADI-R: The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Machine learning in autistic spectrum disorder behavioral research: A review and ways forward
Thabtah, F. (2018) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2017.1399132 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
State of the field: Differentiating intellectual disability from autism spectrum disorder
Thurm, A., Farmer, C., Salzman, E., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00526 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“The Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) required a mental age of 18 months for probands with ASD (59), and a large case–control cohort study of young children excluded children with mental ages under 24 months from analyses of the data (60).”
BackgroundA new computational intelligence approach to detect autistic features for autism screening
Thabtah, F., Kamalov, F., & Rajab, K. D. (2018) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.06.009 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“This widely accepted approach is referred to as Clinical Judgment (CJ) [7].”
MethodAutism Spectrum Disorder Screening
Thabtah, F. (2017) · International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics (ICMHI) · doi:10.1145/3107514.3107515 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“[28] proposed a method for classifying children's ASD levels through a combination of patients’ parents’ interviews and clinical observations.”
MethodRahman, M. M., Usman, O. L., Muniyandi, R. C., Sahran, S., Mohamed, S. B., & Razak, R. A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120949 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“DSM-5 specified ASD according to severity levels based on deficits in social communication, restricted and repetitive behavior.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChallenges Surrounding the Diagnosis of Autism in Children
Hus, Y., & Segal, O. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s282569 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“The study was led by researchers from the CDC (US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention), and reported by Wiggins et al.(42) The SEED participants were recruited from one of the three determining groups: (1) the general population, (2) children with assorted developmental delays, and (3) children with ASD.”
MethodResultInfluentialAn accessible and efficient autism screening method for behavioural data and predictive analyses
Thabtah, F. (2018) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458218796636 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Sleep Problems in 2- to 5-Year-Olds With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Delays
Reynolds, A., Soke, G. N., Sabourin, K. R., Hepburn, S., Katz, T., Wiggins, L. D., Schieve, L. A., & Levy, S. E. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0492 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Detailed descriptions of SEED methods can be found in Schendel et al23 and Wiggins et al.24 Children with ASD and DD were recruited from early intervention and special education programs and health care providers serving children with disabilities.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDetecting autism spectrum disorder using machine learning techniques
Hossain, M. D., Kabir, M. A., Anwar, A., & Islam, M. Z. (2021) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1007/s13755-021-00145-9 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“A study found that 33% of children with difficulties other than ASD have some ASD symptoms while not meeting the full classification criteria [2].”
BackgroundMoody, E. J., Reyes, N., Ledbetter, C. M., Wiggins, L. D., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Alexander, A., Jackson, S., Lee, L.-C., Levy, S. E., & Rosenberg, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3255-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“2007) and the SEED used a cutoff score of 11 points to indicate risk for ASD (Wiggins et al. 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLebersfeld, J. B., Swanson, M., Clesi, C. D., & O’Kelley, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04839-z · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Croen, L., Qian, Y., Ashwood, P., Zerbo, O., Schendel, D., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Fallin, M. D., Levy, S. E., Schieve, L. A., Yeargin‐Allsopp, M., et al. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2175 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGuinn, L. A., Windham, G., Kalkbrenner, A., Bradley, C. B., Di, Q., Croen, L., Fallin, M. D., Hoffman, K., Ladd-Acosta, C., Schwartz, J., et al. (2020) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001109 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wiggins, L. D., Rice, C. E., Barger, B., Soke, G. N., Lee, L.-C., Moody, E., Edmondson-Pretzel, R., & Levy, S. E. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01674-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Previous analyses found that SEED final classification criteria had a good balance of sensitivity and specificity when compared to clinical judgment of whether the child had ASD or another DD, and support the use of these instruments when defining ASD case status in SEED [29].”
Self-citationWindham, G. C., Anderson, M., Lyall, K., Daniels, J. L., Kral, T. V. E., Croen, L., Levy, S. E., Bradley, C., Cordero, C., Young, L. M., et al. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2057 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperament and its Association with Autism Symptoms in a High-risk Population
Garon, N., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S. E., Smith, I. M., Brian, J. A., Roncadin, C., Vaillancourt, T., Armstrong, V. L., Sacrey, L.-A. R., & Roberts, W. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0064-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“To provide a robust measure of symptoms (Wiggins et al. 2014), the CFA run for ASD symptoms at 36months included scores from both ADOS andADIR.”
MethodCroen, L., Qian, Y., Ashwood, P., Daniels, J. L., Fallin, M. D., Schendel, D., Schieve, L. A., Singer, A. B., & Zerbo, O. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1979 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pica, Autism, and Other Disabilities
Fields, V. L., Soke, G. N., Reynolds, A., Tian, L. H., Wiggins, L. D., Maenner, M. J., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Kral, T. V. E., Hightshoe, K., & Schieve, L. A. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0462 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationWiggins, L. D., Levy, S. E., Daniels, J., Schieve, L., Croen, L. A., DiGuiseppi, C., Blaskey, L., Giarelli, E., Lee, L.-C., Pinto-Martin, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2476-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multi-site case–control study designed to explore possible risk factors for the development of ASD (Schendel et al. 2012; Wiggins et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDiGuiseppi, C. G., Daniels, J. L., Fallin, D. M., Rosenberg, S. A., Schieve, L. A., Thomas, K. C., Windham, G. C., Goss, C. W., Soke, G. N., Currie, D. W., et al. (2016) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.01.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSoke, G. N., Maenner, M. J., Windham, G. C., Moody, E. J., Kaczaniuk, J., DiGuiseppi, C. G., & Schieve, L. A. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2091 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Final ASD classification was based on ADOS and ADI-R scores using an algorithm developed by SEED clinicians [Wiggins et al., 2015].”
MethodSelf-citationLevy, S. E., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Bradley, C., Chittams, J. L., Johnson, S. L., Pandey, J., Pomykacz, A., Ramirez, A., Reynolds, A., Rubenstein, E., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Additional data about the child’s behavioral and sensory difficulties were ascertained from another caregiver questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist27—and from the ADI-R.”
InfluentialSelf-citationDesigning a Smart and Intelligent Ecosystem for Autistic Children
Sen, M., Sharma, K., Mishra, S., et al. (2023) · International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM) · doi:10.1109/iciem59379.2023.10166057 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Matias, S. L., Pearl, M., Lyall, K., Croen, L., Kral, T. V. E., Fallin, M. D., Lee, L., Bradley, C., Schieve, L. A., & Windham, G. C. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23228 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Details of SEED ASD and DD classification procedures have been previously published (21).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationInfections in children with autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development (SEED)
Sabourin, K. R., Reynolds, A., Schendel, D., Rosenberg, S. A., Croen, L., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Schieve, L. A., Newschaffer, C. J., Lee, L., & DiGuiseppi, C. G. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2012 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal diabetes and hypertensive disorders in association with autism spectrum disorder
Cordero, C., Windham, G. C., Schieve, L. A., Fallin, M. D., Croen, L., Siega‐Riz, A. M., Engel, S. M., Herring, A. H., Stuebe, A. M., Vladutiu, C. J., et al. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2105 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Final classification of ASD (yes or no) was based on the findings from these two developmental assessments [Wiggins et al., 2015].”
MethodWiggins, L. D., Barger, B., Moody, E., Soke, G., Pandey, J., & Levy, S. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3072-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRubenstein, E., Young, J. C., Croen, L., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Dowling, N. F., Lee, L.-C., Schieve, L. A., Wiggins, L. D., & Daniels, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3721-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Because previous SEED analyses found that children with DD with ASD features were more phenotypically similar to children with ASD than DD-only children (Wiggins et al. 2015) and because autism features can present even if an ASD diagnosis is not met (Constantino 2011), we analytically grouped children with ASD and th…”
ResultSelf-citationAmes, J. L., Ladd-Acosta, C., Fallin, M. D., Qian, Y., Schieve, L. A., DiGuiseppi, C., Lee, L.-C., Kasten, E. P., Zhou, G., Pinto-Martin, J., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Odds of ASD or DD in Offspring Associated With Maternal Psychiatric Conditions and SSRI Use During Preconception and/or Pregnancy, Study to Explore Early Development, 2003–2006 and 2008–2011 Births ASD, nexposed DD, nexposed POP, nexposed ASD vs. POP, aOR a (95% CI) DD vs. POP, aORa (95% CI) All Mothersb Maternal Psyc…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationRamírez-Duque, A. A., Bastos-Filho, T., Múnera, M., et al. (2020) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/j.robot.2020.103484 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Influence of family demographic factors on social communication questionnaire scores
Rosenberg, S. A., Moody, E. J., Lee, L., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Windham, G. C., Wiggins, L. D., Schieve, L. A., Ledbetter, C. M., Levy, S. E., Blaskey, L. G., et al. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1935 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A detailed description of the SEED ASD classification algorithm can be found in Wiggins et al. [2015a].”
InfluentialSelf-citationWiggins, L. D., Tian, L. H., Levy, S. E., Rice, C. E., Lee, L., Schieve, L. A., Pandey, J., Daniels, J. L., Blaskey, L. G., Hepburn, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3280-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSharma, M. (2019) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-019-00335-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rubenstein, E., Wiggins, L. D., Schieve, L. A., Bradley, C., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Moody, E. J., Pandey, J., Pretzel, R. E., Howard, A. G., Olshan, A. F., et al. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317753563 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Final case status was determined through a SEED-derived algorithm using scores from the ADOS and the ADI-R (Wiggins et al., 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationThe prevalence of gluten free diet use among preschool children with autism spectrum disorder
Rubenstein, E., Schieve, L. A., Bradley, C., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Moody, E. J., Thomas, K. C., & Daniels, J. L. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1896 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“An algorithm based on standard scoring for those measures was used to determine final case status as described in Wiggins et al, 2015 (Wiggins et al., 2015).”
Self-citationInjuries in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Study to Explore Early Development (SEED)
DiGuiseppi, C. G., Levy, S. E., Sabourin, K. R., Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Lee, L.-C., Moody, E. J., & Schieve, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3337-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationSangaré, M., Toure, H. B., Toure, A., Karembe, A., Dolo, H., Coulibaly, Y. I., Kouyate, M., Traoré, K., Diakité, S. A. S., Coulibaly, S. D. P., et al. (2019) · eNeurologicalSci · doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2019.100188 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)’s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust (1…”
BackgroundInfluentialRice, C. E., Carpenter, L. A., Morrier, M. J., Lord, C., DiRienzo, M., Boan, A. D., Skowyra, C., Fusco, A., Baio, J., Esler, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05377-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationA phenotype of childhood autism is associated with preexisting maternal anxiety and depression
Wiggins, L. D., Rubenstein, E., Daniels, J., DiGuiseppi, C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Schieve, L. A., Tian, L. H., Sabourin, K., Moody, E., Pinto-Martin, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0469-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSchieve, L. A., Tian, L. H., Drews‐Botsch, C., Windham, G. C., Newschaffer, C. J., Daniels, J. L., Lee, L., Croen, L., & Fallin, M. D. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1887 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…of both under-and over-ascertainment; 17% of children enrolled in SEED who had a previous clinical ASD diagnosis did not meet SEED ASD-case criteria based on the ADOS and ADI-R and 15% of children who met SEED ASD-case criteria did not have a previous diagnosis reported [Wiggins et al., 2015].”
Self-citationWang, Z., Xu, Y., Peng, D., Gao, J., & Lu, F. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac513 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mcguinn, L., Windham, G., Messer, L., Di, Q., Schwartz, J., Croen, L., Moody, E. J., Rappold, A., Richardson, D., Neas, L., et al. (2018) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000067 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Total 252 (37) 427 (50) 235 (35) 269 (31) 187 (28) 159 (19) Sex Male 203 (81) 228 (53) 194 (83) 150 (56) 154 (82) 75 (47) Female 49 (19) 199 (47) 41 (17) 119 (44) 33 (18) 84 (53) Maternal race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 190 (75) 364 (85) 142 (60) 182 (68) 46 (25) 65 (41) Other 62 (25) 63 (15) 93 (40) 87 (32) 141 (75…”
Self-citationASD Screening with the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 in the Study to Explore Early Development
Levy, S. E., Rescorla, L. A., Chittams, J. L., Kral, T. J., Moody, E. J., Pandey, J., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Pomykacz, A., Ramirez, A., Reyes, N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03895-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationA clustering approach for autistic trait classification
Baadel, S., Thabtah, F., & Lu, J. (2020) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2019.1687482 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“3,4 The official diagnosis process of ASD involves multiple examinations, which in turn cause the waiting time for patients to be lengthy.”
BackgroundSoke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Rosenberg, C. R., Vasa, R. A., Lee, L.-C., & DiGuiseppi, C. G. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316689330 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“ASD cases included in this study met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev., DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) criteria for ASD and the cut-offs for ASD classification on the ADOS and the ADI-R, based on an algorithm developed by SEED clinicians (Wiggins et al., 2015a).”
MethodSelf-citationSamms‐Vaughan, M. E., Rahbar, M. H., Dickerson, A. S., Loveland, K. A., Hessabi, M., Pearson, D. A., Bressler, J., Shakespeare‐Pellington, S., Grove, M. L., Coore-Desai, C., et al. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317698938 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This was supported by the SEED study, which reported that diagnostic instruments alone cannot replace informed clinical judgment in diagnosing ASD (Wiggins et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultHypoconnectivity of insular resting-state networks in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Francis, S. M., Camchong, J., Brickman, L., Goelkel-Garcia, L., Mueller, B. A., Tseng, A., Lim, K. O., & Jacob, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.12.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Singer, A. B., Aylsworth, A. S., Cordero, C., Croen, L., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Fallin, M. D., Herring, A. H., Hooper, S. R., Pretzel, R. E., Schieve, L. A., et al. (2017) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12404 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“16 We also compared patterns among those with ASD to those in a non-ASD development disability group, as well as in relation to a population control group.”
Powell, P. S., Pazol, K., Wiggins, L. D., Daniels, J. L., Dichter, G. S., Bradley, C., Pretzel, R. E., Kloetzer, J. M., McKenzie, C., Scott, A., et al. (2021) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7017a1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“First, autism was reported but not re-confirmed in adolescents, so some adolescents who were identified with autism in early childhood might no longer meet the criteria applied in the original study (7).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNeonatal jaundice in association with autism spectrum disorder and developmental disorder
Cordero, C., Schieve, L. A., Croen, L., Engel, S. M., Siega‐Riz, A. M., Herring, A. H., Vladutiu, C. J., Seashore, C. J., & Daniels, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-019-0452-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale modified for autism spectrum disorder
Maddox, B. B., Lecavalier, L., Miller, J. S., Pritchett, J., Hollway, J. A., White, S. W., Gillespie, S. E., Evans, A. N., Schultz, R. T., Herrington, J. D., et al. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320922682 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, 2003), although other studies have adopted a lower cutoff score of 11 to maximize sensitivity and specificity (e.g. Schendel et al., 2012; Wiggins et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultOppenheim, D., Koren‐Karie, N., Hamburger, L., Maccabi, Y., Slonim, M., & Yirmiya, N. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13788 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Weismer, S. E., Rubenstein, E., Wiggins, L. D., & Durkin, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04737-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRony, M. A. T., Johora, F. T., Thalji, N., et al. (2024) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math12223515 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Larsen, K. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2015-014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Reinhartsen, D. B., Tapia, A. L., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., Bradley, C., Fairchild, J., Herring, A. H., & Daniels, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03999-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rubenstein, E., Pretzel, R. E., Windham, G. C., Schieve, L. A., Wiggins, L. D., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Olshan, A. F., Howard, A. G., Pence, B. W., Young, L. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3248-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“2003b), it was still incorporated into SEED final case algorithms for those children (Wiggins et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBuilding Language Resources for Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorders
Parish‐Morris, J., Cieri, C., Liberman, M., Bateman, L., Ferguson, E. F., & Schultz, R. T. (2016) · Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) · doi:10.63317/224b2p8n9h7i · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Rather, clinicians must rely on timeintensive, in-person clinical assessments (Wiggins et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNawghare, P., & Prasad, J. R. (2025) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103278 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
RetractedFeature reduction using SVM-RFE technique to detect autism spectrum disorder
Mohan, P., & Paramasivam, I. (2020) · Evolutionary Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s12065-020-00498-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is necessary to identify an influential set of features in the screening process for speeding up the diagnostic procedures and to help in the referral of autistic individuals for early intervention programme which forms the basis of this research work [2].”
BackgroundSchieve, L. A., Tian, L. H., Dowling, N. F., Croen, L., Hoover-Fong, J. E., Alexander, A. A., & Shapira, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3495-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Toileting Resistance Among Preschool-Age Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wiggins, L. D., Nadler, C., Hepburn, S., Rosenberg, S., Reynolds, A., & Zubler, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001036 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Details of the SEED final classification algorithm are provided by Wiggins et al.(26) (2015).”
MethodSelf-citationWiggins, L. D., Tian, L. H., Rubenstein, E., Schieve, L. A., Daniels, J. L., Pazol, K., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Barger, B. D., Moody, E. J., Rosenberg, S. A., et al. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2663 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationDiGuiseppi, C. G., Crume, T., Dyke, J. V., Sabourin, K. R., Soke, G. N., Croen, L., Daniels, J. L., Lee, L., Schieve, L. A., Windham, G. C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05339-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Children meeting cutoff scores on these instruments were classified as ASD (Schendel et al., 2012; Wiggins et al., 2015).”
Self-citationGastrointestinal Symptoms in 2- to 5-Year-Old Children in the Study to Explore Early Development
Reynolds, A., Soke, G. N., Sabourin, K. R., Croen, L., Daniels, J. L., Fallin, M. D., Kral, T. V. E., Lee, L.-C., Newschaffer, C. J., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04786-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“1, if a child did not meet our research criteria for ASD they were moved to the DD group or back to the POP group (Wiggins et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHiruma, L., Pretzel, R. E., Tapia, A. L., Bodfish, J. W., Bradley, C., Wiggins, L. D., Hsu, M., Lee, L.-C., Levy, S. E., & Daniels, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04776-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationStephens, K., Silk, T. J., Anderson, V. A., Hazell, P., Enticott, P. G., & Sciberras, E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04738-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Validating the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised in the Korean Population
Oh, M., Song, D., Bong, G., Yoon, N., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J.-H., Kim, J., & Yoo, H. J. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0337 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Rosenberg, C. R., Vasa, R. A., Lee, L.-C., & DiGuiseppi, C. G. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3490-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, Y., Wang, G., Yang, Y., Jin, X., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., & Jin, Z. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05603-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pre- and Postnatal Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Childhood Cognitive and Adaptive Function
McGuinn, L. A., Wiggins, L. D., Volk, H. E., Di, Q., Moody, E. J., Kasten, E. P., Schwartz, J. D., Wright, R. O., Schieve, L. A., Windham, G. C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19073748 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This assessment included two gold standard instruments, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) [22] and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) [23,24].”
Self-citationWiggins, L. D., Nadler, C. B., Rosenberg, S. A., Moody, E. J., Reyes, N., Reynolds, A., Alexander, A. A., Daniels, J. L., Thomas, K. C., Giarelli, E., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.043 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFields, V. L., Soke, G. N., Reynolds, A., Tian, L. H., Wiggins, L. D., Maenner, M. J., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Kral, T. V. E., Hightshoe, K., Ladd‐Acosta, C., et al. (2020) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101052 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationFurnier, S. M., Weismer, S. E., Rubenstein, E., Gangnon, R. E., Rosenberg, S. A., Nadler, C. B., Wiggins, L. D., & Durkin, M. S. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231193194 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Clinical judgment was also considered for children with an early learning age equivalent < 24 months who met SEED ASD criteria on the ADOS and ADI-R since the ADI-R is not appropriate for children in this mental age range (Schendel et al., 2012; Wiggins et al., 2015).”
Self-citationTagavi, D. M., Dick, C. C., Attar, S. M., Ibañez, L. V., & Stone, W. L. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221086329 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“However, diagnoses of ASD are often missed or delayed once referred to EI if additional screening and subsequent referral for a comprehensive ASD evaluation do not occur after a positive screen (Wiggins et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWiggins, L. D., Rubenstein, E., Windham, G. C., Barger, B. D., Croen, L., Dowling, N. F., Giarelli, E., Levy, S. E., Moody, E. J., Soke, G. N., et al. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103897 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“71, reflecting substantial agreement (Wiggins et al., 2015).”
Self-citationComparison of Classification Algorithms of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis
Lawi, A., & Aziz, F. (2018) · East Indonesia Conference on Computer and Information Technology (EIConCIT) · doi:10.1109/eiconcit.2018.8878593 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Keller‐Bell, Y. (2017) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/persp2.sig14.68 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lee, C.-M., Altschuler, M. R., Esler, A., Burrows, C. A., & Hudock, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-023-09497-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Subsequent studies confirmed a cut-off score of 11 maximizes sensitivity and specificity (a better balance between these two critical indices) in young children [13, 15–17].”
BackgroundBradley, C., Browne, E. N., Alexander, A. A., Collins, J., Dahm, J. L., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Levy, S. E., Moody, E. J., Schieve, L. A., Windham, G. C., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx262 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Those with a prior ASD diagnosis or Social Communication Questionnaire score ≥11 were considered at risk for ASD (22); they were thus assigned to the potential-ASD protocol and asked to complete additional study components.”
InfluentialSelf-citationSinger, A. B., Windham, G. C., Croen, L., Daniels, J. L., Lee, B. K., Qian, Y., Schendel, D., Fallin, M. D., & Burstyn, I. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2882-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“ASD was confirmed based on scores on the ADI-R and ADOS, as described in detail elsewhere (Wiggins et al. 2015).”
MethodFurnier, S. M., Gangnon, R. E., Daniels, J. L., Weismer, S. E., Nadler, C. B., Pazol, K., Reyes, N., Rosenberg, S. A., Rubenstein, E., Wiggins, L. D., et al. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3107 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Final ASD classification was based on results of the ADOS or ADOS, 2nd Edition and the ADI-R, and for children with an early learning age equivalent less than 24 months, clinical judgment (Schendel et al., 2012; Wiggins et al., 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationBarger, B., Moody, E. J., Ledbetter, C., D’Abreu, L. C., Hepburn, S., & Rosenberg, S. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-03866-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAttachment to fathers and mothers in preschoolers with an Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis
Oppenheim, D., Koren‐Karie, N., Joels, T., Hamburger, L., Maccabi, Y., Slonim, M., & Yirmiya, N. (2022) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2022.2068624 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vuijk, R., Deen, M. L., Arntz, A. R., & Geurts, H. M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05225-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wandering Among Preschool Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wiggins, L. D., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Schieve, L. A., Moody, E. J., Soke, G. N., Giarelli, E., & Levy, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000780 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Previous analyses found that SEED final classification criteria had a good balance of sensitivity (0.86) and specificity (0.74) when compared with clinical judgment of whether the child had ASD or another DD, which was higher than that of any one diagnostic instrument used alone.20 Details on the SEED final classifica…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationMachine Learning–Based Approach for Early Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Jabbar, U., Iqbal, M. W., Alourani, A., Shinan, K., Alanazi, F., Sarwar, N., & Ashraf, M. U. (2025) · Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing · doi:10.1155/acis/9975499 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Unveiling the influences of prenatal and maternal factors on the journey of an autistic child
Abdelkader, A., Alradini, F. A., Alosaimi, A. A., Abbas, A., Judeh, Z., Esaid, T. E. A., Saleh, A., Shah, J., & Amer, S. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1467821 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wiggins, L. D., Daniels, J. L., Overwyk, K. J., Croen, L., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Bradley, C., Powell, P. S., Dichter, G. S., Moody, E. J., & Pazol, K. (2024) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2024.101633 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, L. H., Wiggins, L. D., Schieve, L. A., Yeargin‐Allsopp, M., Dietz, P. M., Aylsworth, A. S., Elias, E. R., Hoover-Fong, J. E., Meeks, N. J. L., Souders, M. C., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2314 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“, 2005; Wong et al., 2014; Flor et al., 2017], although the methods of assessing dysmorphology were different. Miles et al. [2005] found that individuals with ASD with >6 DFs and/or microcephaly had lower intelligence quotient (IQ)/developmental quotient scores (mean = 53.”
MethodSelf-citationChristensen, D., Pazol, K., Overwyk, K. J., England, L. J., Alexander, A. A., Croen, L., Dowling, N. F., Schieve, L. A., Tian, L. H., Tinker, S. C., et al. (2023) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12998 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Harrington, J. W., & Bora, S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00008-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Howerton, E. M., Morrill, V. N., Schrott, R., Daniels, J. A., Song, A., Benke, K. S., Volk, H. E., Farzadegan, H., Alexander, A. A., Tapia, A. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09637-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a case-control study of ASD in the United States and has been described in full detail elsewhere [22, 23].”
Self-citationOppenheim, D., Mottes‐Peleg, M., Hamburger, L., Slonim, M., Maccabi, Y., & Yirmiya, N. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14061 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Galiano, A. R., Mekomedemb, F., Helmlinger, A. E., & Baudouin, J. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104544 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bousidrah, N. S., Khamees, Z. M., & Ali, S. M. (2024) · The Scientific Journal of University of Benghazi · doi:10.37376/sjuob.v37i1.5943 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pokoski, O. M., Crain, H. M., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Furnier, S. M., Moody, E. J., Nadler, C. B., Pazol, K., Sanders, J., Wiggins, L. D., & Durkin, M. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1342504 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPazol, K., Tian, L. H., DiGuiseppi, C. G., Durkin, M. S., Fallin, M. D., Moody, E. J., Nadler, C. B., Powell, P. S., Reyes, N., Robinson, B., et al. (2023) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001227 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…using the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised 20 and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 21 can be found in the study of Wiggins et al. 22 Further details on the conditions identified among children in the ASD and the DD group are provided in the study of Wiggins, Levy, et al. 23 The…”
MethodSelf-citationHudock, R. L., & Esler, A. (2022) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2022.2025907 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dyke, J. V., Rosenberg, S. A., Crume, T., Reyes, N., Alexander, A. A., Barger, B. D., Fitzgerald, R., Hightshoe, K., Moody, E. J., Pazol, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001283 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wiggins, L. D., Reynolds, A., Rice, C. E., Moody, E. J., Bernal, P., Blaskey, L., Rosenberg, S. A., Lee, L.-C., & Levy, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wiggins, Lisa D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-10-28
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1271-1280
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC4486213
- OpenAlex
- W2045685497
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U10DD000184, U10DD000182, U10DD000181, U01DD000498, U01DD001210, U10DD000183, U10DD000180, U10DD000498)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, ASD classification, Study to Explore Early Development, ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, psychometric properties, restricted and repetitive behaviors, children
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Child, Child Development, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Compulsive Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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