A phenotype of childhood autism is associated with preexisting maternal anxiety and depression
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This study explored whether ASD phenotypes in the child were associated with a history of anxiety or depression in the mother. We hypothesized that an ASD profile in children characterized by mild delays and increased rates of dysregulation would be associated with preexisting maternal anxiety or depression. Participants were 672 preschool children with ASD and their mothers. Children were classified as ASD after a comprehensive developmental evaluation. Mothers reported whether a healthcare provider ever diagnosed them with anxiety or depression before the birth of their child. Four child ASD phenotypes were derived from latent class analysis: Mild Language Delay with Cognitive Rigidity (Type 1), Significant Developmental Delay with Repetitive Motor Behaviors (Type 2), General Developmental Delay (Type 3), and Mild Language and Motor Delay with Dysregulation (i.e., aggression, anxiety, depression, emotional reactivity, inattention, somatic complaints, and sleep problems) (Type 4). Type 2 ASD served as the referent category in statistical analyses. Results showed that 22.6% of mothers reported a diagnosis of anxiety or depression before the birth of their child. Maternal anxiety or depression was associated with 2.7 times the odds (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 5.3) of Type 4 or Dysregulated ASD in the child; maternal anxiety and depression was associated with 4.4 times the odds (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 14.0) of Type 4 or Dysregulated ASD in the child. Our findings suggest an association between Dysregulated ASD in the child and anxiety and depression in the mother. These findings can enhance screening methods and inform future research efforts.
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The literature often reports links between ASD and maternal psychiatric conditions before or during pregnancy, such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and personality disorders.
“Associations between ASD and maternal psychiatric conditions preceding or during pregnancy (20, 45, 46), including depression (24, 43, 44, 47), schizophrenia (48, 49), anxiety (50), and personality disorders (48), are commonly reported in the literature.”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
Other studies have also reported comparable links between maternal psychiatric conditions and ASD without co-occurring intellectual disability.
“Similar relationships between maternal psychiatric conditions and ASD without co-occurring ID have been noted in other studies (30, 43, 46), perhaps indicating a distinct etiologic class compared to conditions with ID, which warrants further research.”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Wiggins, L. D., Rubenstein, E., Daniels, J., DiGuiseppi, C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Schieve, L. A., Tian, L. H., Sabourin, K., Moody, E., Pinto-Martin, J., Reyes, N., & Levy, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wiggins, Lisa D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2018-08-21
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 731-740
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC6384146
- OpenAlex
- W2888260056
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U10DD000180, U10DD000182, U10DD000181, U10DD000183, U10DD000184, U10DD000498)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, maternal anxiety, maternal depression, preschool children, developmental delay, repetitive motor behavior, aggression, emotional reactivity, sleep disorders, inattention, somatic symptoms, language delay, cognitive rigidity, autism screening
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Anxiety, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Phenotype
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