The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Real-World Executive Functions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Profiles of Impairment and Associations with Adaptive Functioning and Co-morbid Anxiety and Depression
Open accessAbstract
Although executive functioning (EF) difficulties are well documented among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little is known about real-world measures of EF among adults with ASD. Therefore, this study examined parent-reported real-world EF problems among 35 adults with ASD without intellectual disability and their correlations with adaptive functioning and co-morbid anxiety and depression symptomatology. A variable EF profile was found with prominent deficits occurring in flexibility and metacognition. Flexibility problems were associated with anxiety-related symptoms while metacognition difficulties were associated with depression symptoms and impaired adaptive functioning (though the metacognition-adaptive functioning relationship was moderated by ADHD symptoms). These persistent EF problems are predictors of broader functioning and therefore remain an important treatment target among adults with ASD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Difficulties with habituation and flexibility, associated with disrupted integration between mPFC and limbic regions, can also be treated directly with benefits for anxiety and depression (Kenworthy et al., 2014; Lawson et al., 2015; Wallace et al., 2016).”
From Sensory, emotional and cognitive contributions to anxiety in autism spectrum disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Wallace et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Robinson, C., Rosenberg, et al. (2018) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 · Cited by 6,078
Executive dysfunction in autism☆
Hill, E. L. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.003 · Cited by 1,468
Naarden Braun, K. V., Lopez, M., White, T., et al. (2023) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/y3kk-5x30 · Cited by 1,381
Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory
Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1165 · Cited by 1,317
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., & McLennan, J. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212936 · Cited by 1,036
A Neurological Model for Childhood Autism
Damásio, A. R., & Maurer, R. G. (1978) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1978.00500360001001 · Cited by 753
Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3 · Cited by 735
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.
- Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2003). Adaptive behavior assessment—Second edition manual (ABAS-II). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
- Kenworthy, L., Anthony, L. G., Alexander, K. C., Werner, M. A., Cannon, L., & Greenman, L. (2014a). Solving executive functioning challenges: Simple ways to get kids with autism unstuck and on target. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company.
- Sparrow, S., Balla, D. A., & Cicchetti, D. (1984). Vineland adaptive behavior scales (expanded form). Circle Pine, MN: American Guidance Service.
- Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales—2nd edition manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson Inc.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–261 of 261
O’Brien, M. K., McQuaid, G. A., McNulty, J., Wallace, G. L., & Lee, N. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06799-8 · Cited by 1
Relationship between anxiety and executive functioning among youth with Down syndrome
Snodgrass, N. A., Fidler, D. J., Patel, L., Denne, E., Smith, J. L., Weber, S., & Esbensen, A. J. (2025) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105056 · Cited by 1
Thinking flexibly: A cognitive remediation therapy–informed intervention for autistic youth
Dipre, J., Burton, L., Tchanturia, K., & Hollocks, M. J. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251407294 · Cited by 1
Profiles of parent–teacher discrepancy on autistic children’s adaptive functioning
Lees, R., Wright, N., Reyes, A. D. L., Smith, I. M., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Vaillancourt, T., Szatmári, P., Bennett, T. A., Duku, E., et al. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251407310 · Cited by 1
Executive Functioning Corresponds With Expression of Autism Features Among Preschoolers
Alday, K. G., Pellegrino, A., & Faja, S. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07194-z · Cited by 1
Underrecognition of Autism and Implications for Adult Psychiatric Practice: A Narrative Review
Guerra, A. D. J. G., Cortes, E. D. R. M., Rocha, G. H. A., Mancias, A. C. M., & Zambrano, S. M. F. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.107164 · Cited by 2
Definition, prevalence, and behavioral symptoms of autism
Williams, D. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816393-1.00008-7 · Cited by 2
سويفي, غ., & همام, ن. ع. (2022) · Dirāsāt fi Al-Ṭufūlaẗ wa Al-Tarbiyyaẗ /Dirāsāt fi Al-Ṭufūlaẗ wa Al-Tarbiyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/dftt.2022.140264.1118 · Cited by 1
Creem, A. N., Leaf, J. B., Cihon, J. H., Gerhardt, P. F., Lee, M., & Moon, E. I. (2024) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.2023 · Cited by 1
Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Schuck, R. K., Herrera, J., Miller, I. G., & MacDonald, R. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2024.0104 · Cited by 2
Integrating Treatment for Autism: Etiology and Life Cycle
Tsipan, R. M., Parenteau, C. I., & Hendren, R. L. (2020) · Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.17759/autdd.2020180304 · Cited by 1
Eye contact effect: The role of vagal regulation and reactivity, and self-regulation of attention
Niedźwiecka, A. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01682-y · Cited by 1
A data-driven validation of mobile-based care (mCARE) project for children with ASD in LMICs
Rabbani, M., Haque, M. M., Das, D., Zarif, M. I. I., Iqbal, A., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Bansal, N. K., Soron, T. R., Ahmed, S. I., & Ahamed, S. I. (2022) · Smart Health · doi:10.1016/j.smhl.2022.100345 · Cited by 1
Kouklari, E.-C. (2017) · Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) · Cited by 1
Interventions to Support Transition to Adulthood for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Klinger, L. G., & Dudley, K. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102314-2 · Cited by 1
Interventions to Support Transition to Adulthood for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Klinger, L. G., & Dudley, K. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102314 · Cited by 1
Adaptive behavior deficits in individuals with 3q29 deletion syndromePreprint
Pollak, R. M., Burrell, T. L., Cubells, J. F., Klaiman, C., Murphy, M. M., Saulnier, C. A., Walker, E. F., White, S. P., & Mulle, J. G. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.03.31.23288022 · Cited by 1
Sullivan, A., Vas, A., & Johnson, W. L. B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4670823 · Cited by 1
Vercesi, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28008-6_12 · Cited by 1
An empirical evaluation of executive function in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Demetriou, E. (2018) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)
Browne, T. (2020) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
الوظائف التنفيذية وعلاقتها بالسلوک التکيفي وغير التکيفي لدى الأطفال ذوى الاضطرابات النمائية
العزیز, س. ی. ع. (2018) · مجلة التربية الخاصة · doi:10.21608/mtkh.2018.168432
The Interplay Between Sleep and Executive Functioning in Children with AutismPreprint
Tesfaye, R., Wright, N., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Bedford, R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Kerns, C. M., Duku, E., Mirenda, P., Bennett, T. A., Georgiades, S., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yt7s2
Benefits of Life Skill Based Education for Neurodiverse Adults: An Integrative Review and Analysis
Ravichandren, N., & O'Connor, A. N. (2021) · World Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.22158/wjer.v8n4p21 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adults with Autism
Langdon, P. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.031
Specialist Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders and Depression
Todd, G., & Branch, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.029
Vercesi, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90305-7_12-1
Psychophysiological aspects of autism spectrum disorder
Alchalaby, L. A., Saarti, M., & Mahmood, M. D. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.6096
Zhao, Y., Luo, Y., Zhang, R., & Zheng, X. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4059222
Organizational Skills in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hooper, S. R., Burgin, S., & Redmond, D. H. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_935
Organizational Skills in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hooper, S. R., Burgin, S., & Redmond, D. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_935-3 · Cited by 1
Klinger, L. G., & Dudley, K. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102314-1
A Mobile Health Application for Monitoring Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Rabbani, M., Haque, M. M., Das, D., Zarif, M. I. I., Iqbal, A., Akhter, S., Parveen, S., Rasel, M. A., Soron, T. R., Bansal, N. K., et al. (2022) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2304-2.ch002
Horwitz, E. (2023) · doi:10.33612/diss.593444520
COMPASS for Middle School Mental Health
Rispoli, K. M., & Lee, G. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31395-0_8
التغيرات النمائية لبعض الوظائف التنفيذية في مرحلتي الطفولة والمراهقة لدى عينة من ذوي اضطراب التوحد
اسحق, م. (2023) · مجلة الدراسات النفسیة المعاصرة جامعة بنى سویف · doi:10.21608/bshjo.2023.215926.1047
Self-reported memory of autistic young adults and associated real-world outcomes
Godfrey, M., McQuaid, G. A., Wallace, G. L., & Lee, N. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102277
Tal, A., & Salzer, M. S. (2023) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-023-01205-y
السمان, م. (2024) · مجلة التربية الخاصة والتأهيل · doi:10.21608/sero.2024.340714
Impact of COVID-19 on behavior in autism spectrum disorder
Antolini, G., & Colizzi, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95650-5.00005-7
Strengthening Inclusive Education Through Executive Function Skill Development
(2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1405-0.ch004
Dickerson, A. E., Murphy, L., & McIntyre, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06618-6
Gogne, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86588-6_4
Giani, L., Michelini, G., Ajmone, P. F., Scaini, S., Allegri, B., Costantino, A., & Vizziello, P. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.07.030
Chang, J.-C., Chen, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202689
Mournet, A. M., Kukaj, G., Libsack, E. J., Wilkinson, E. H., Bober, I., Walker, E. M., & Bal, V. H. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251380445
Sönmez, D., & Jordan, T. R. (2025) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-025-01321-5
Dickson, K. S., Kennedy, S. M., Safer‐Lichtenstein, J., Brookman-Frazee, L. I., Roesch, S. C., & Anthony, L. G. (2025) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-025-00799-6
Pickard, K. E., Maddox, B. B., Boles, R. E., & Reaven, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26659045
Assessing Functional Cognition in Autistic Adults: The Weekly Calendar Planning Activity
Sullivan, A. C., Vas, A. K., Tierney, S., & Toglia, J. (2026) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2026.051340
Augustine, J. J., Mason, R., Lewis, T. J., Imler, M. H., Kittelman, A., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07388-z
Hofvander, B., Allely, C. S., Khaneie, A., Nilsson, T., & Karlén, M. H. (2026) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2026.102250
Rispoli, K. M., Norman, M. Z., Ziegelmayer, L. E., Warren, N., & Batistela, E. (2026) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70191
Greenstein, E., Lee, N., McQuaid, G. A., & Wallace, G. L. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261466302
Sharma, N., & Khosla, A. (2026) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2026.101239
Gray, L., Hall, E., Hearne, B., Zhang, Y., DeDios-Stern, S., Stewart, G. R., Stott, J. C. H., & John, A. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.107011
Hendry, A. J., Ali, J. B., Johnson, M. H., Jones, E. J. H., Charman, T., & The STAARS Team (2026) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70256 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wallace, G. L., Kenworthy, L., Pugliese, C. E., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Brodsky, E., & Martin, A.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Children's National (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wallace, Gregory L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2015-11-16
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1071-1083
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC5111802
- OpenAlex
- W2172314818
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 9.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1-ZIA-MH002920)
- National Institutes of Health (HD046388-01A2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, autism spectrum disorder, autistic adults, adaptive behavior, anxiety, depression, metacognition, cognitive flexibility, ADHD comorbidity, real-world functioning
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Comorbidity, Young Adult, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review