The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brooding and reflection as subtypes of rumination: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis in nonclinical samples using the dutch ruminative response scale.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This scale has a good validity and a stable structure to support the multidimensional nature of rumination (Treynor et al., 2003; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
From Coexistence and different determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Chinese survivors after earthquake: role of resilience and rumination (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs et al., 2010
Citations
Cites
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003) · Department of Psychology - University of Koblenz-Landau · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.12784 · Cited by 8,975
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · cited 1×
“The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer et al. 1990) is a 16-item questionnaire measuring the tendency to worry.”
MethodBozdogan, H. (1987) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294361 · Cited by 4,468
Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder.
Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122 · Cited by 1,688 · cited 1×
“Both the original WBSI and the Dutch version which we used in the present study (Muris et al. 1996) show good internal and temporal reliability as well as concurrent validity (Muris and Merckelbach 1997; Muris et al. 1996; Van den Hout et al. 1996; Wegner and Zanakos 1994 ).”
MethodSelf-citationTrapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284 · Cited by 1,646
Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061 · Cited by 1,543
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 36
- Baker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley. · DOI
- Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II) manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
- Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Enico, CA: Multivariate Software.
- Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. · DOI
- Bollen, K. A. (1989). Confirmatory factor analysis. In K. A. Bollen (Ed.), Structural equations with latent variables (pp. 226–318). New York: John Wiley & Sons. · DOI
- Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen & S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park: Sage.
- Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Association between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 56–65. · DOI
- Chen, P. Y., & Popovich, P. M. (2002). Correlation: Parametric and nonparametric measures. Thousand Oaks: Sage. · DOI
- Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 584–594. · DOI
- Debeer, E., Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2009). Associations between components of rumination and autobiografical memory specificity as measured by a Minimal Instructions Autobiografical Memory Test. Memory, 17, 892–903. · DOI
- Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Franck, E., De Raedt, R., Barbez, C., & Rosseel, Y. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Psychologica Belgica, 48, 25–35. · DOI · Paper page
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation modeling, 6, 1–55. · DOI · Paper page
- Joormann, J., Dkane, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Behavior Therapy, 37, 269–280. · DOI
- Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software.
- Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8. 50. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
- Kerkhof, A., Hermans, D., Figee, A., Laeremans, I., Pieters, G., & Aardema, A. (2000). De Penn State Worry Questionnaire en de Worry Domains Questionnaire: Eerste resultaten bij Nederlandse en Vlaamse klinische en poliklinische populaties. [The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: First results in Dutch and Flemish clinical and policlinical populations]. Gedragstherapie, 33, 135–146.
- Lo, C. S. L., Ho, S. M. Y., & Hollon, S. D. (2008). The effects of rumination and negative cognitive styles on depression: A mediation analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 487–495. · DOI
- Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., et al. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82. · DOI · Paper page
- Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 339–349. · DOI
- Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176–190. · DOI
- Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1997). Suppression and dissociation. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 523–525. · DOI
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 190, 504–511. · DOI · Paper page
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2004). The response style theory. In C. Papageorgiou & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment (pp. 107–123). West Sussex: Wiley.
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). “Thanks for sharing that”: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814. · DOI
- O’Connor, R. C., & Noyce, R. (2008). Personality and cognitive processes: Self-criticism and different types of rumination as predictors of suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 392–401. · DOI
- Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2001). Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behavior Therapy, 22, 13–26. · DOI
- Pullman, H., & Allik, J. (2000). The Rosenberg self-esteem scale: its dimensionality, stability, and personality correlates in Estonian. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 701–715. · DOI
- Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2008). On the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood: Brooding versus reflection. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 1067–1070. · DOI
- Raes, F., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (2003). De Nederlandstalige versie van de Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) en de Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS-NL). [The Dutch version of the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-NL) and the Rumination on Sadness Scale (RRS-NL)]. Gedragstherapie, 36, 97–104.
- Surrence, K., Miranda, R., Marroquin, B. M., & Chan, S. (2009). Brooding and reflective rumination among suicide attempters: Cognitive vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 803–808. · DOI
- Van den Hout, M. A., Merckelbach, H., & Pool, K. (1996). Dissociation, reality monitoring, trauma and thought suppression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 97–108. · DOI
- Van der Does, A. J. W. (2002). Handleiding bij de Nederlandse bewerking van de BDI–II. Enschede: The Psychological Corporation/Swets test Publishers.
- van Rijsoort, S., Vervaeke, G., & Emmelkamp, P. (1997). De Penn State Worry Questionnaire en de Worry Domains Questionnaire: eerste resultaten bij een normale Nederlandse populatie. [The Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Worry Domains Questionnaire: First results in a normal Dutch population]. Gedragstherapie, 30, 121–128.
- Verstraeten, K., Vasey, M. V., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2010). Brooding and reflection as components of rumination in late childhood. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 367–372. · DOI
- Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. (2005). Positive beliefs about rumination in depression: A replication and extension. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 73–82. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–228 of 228
Predictors of Rumination Reflection and Brooding: The Self-Determination Theory Perspective
Manuoğlu, E. (2022) · Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33171/dtcfjournal.2022.62.2.31 · Cited by 1
Safi, J. M., Rescigno, S. M., & Shih, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770221111757 · Cited by 1
“…the brooding subtype of rumination, which decreased significantly in the current study, is associated with experiencing depression in the past (Hasegawa et al., 2014), at the present time (Raes et al., 2011; Whitmer & Gotlib, 2011), and in the long term (Schoofs et al., 2010; Treynor et al., 2003).”
BackgroundValidating the bifactor structure of the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire—A psychometric study
Kovács, L. N., Kocsel, N., Galambos, A., Mägi, A., Demetrovics, Z., & Kökönyei, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254986 · Cited by 5
“In addition, brooding also related to depression scores prospectively [2,80], while reflective pondering (or reflection) did not.”
BackgroundNuharini, H. F., & Musabiq, S. (2020) · International Conference on Intervention and Applied Psychology (ICIAP) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.201125.009 · Cited by 1
Davis, D. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3137 · Cited by 3
Mason, C. K., Kelley, K., & DeShong, H. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100693
Li, Y. I., Starr, L. R., & Hershenberg, R. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9593-y · Cited by 98
Willem, L., Bijttebier, P., Claes, L., Vanhalst, J., & Raes, F. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9373-2
“Reliability and validity of the original RRS (Treynor et al. 2003) and of the Dutch version have been established (Schoofs et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHoribe, K., & Hasegawa, A. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9853-3 · Cited by 13
“Adequate psychometric properties of the RRS, including good internal consistency and construct validity, as well as moderate testretest reliability for total and subscale scores have been reported (Treynor et al. 2003; Schoofs et al. 2010).”
BackgroundFelton, J. W., Havewala, M., Myerberg, L. B., Lee, J., & Collado, A. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-021-00418-y · Cited by 8
Murphy, S. T., Ezawa, I. D., Pfeifer, B. J., & Strunk, D. R. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70231
Demeester, D., Zwalmen, Y. V., Boeck, M. D., Hoorelbeke, K., & Koster, E. H. W. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03537-8
Sisriyenti, & Cerya, E. (2026) · JPI: Jurnal Pustaka Indonesia · doi:10.62159/jpi.v6i3.2656
Ding, R., Xie, Y. D., & Wang, Q. (2026) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221261458351
“Correlations among items were allowed to improve model fit, particularly when items were theoretically expected to load onto the same factor, as advised by previous studies (Joshanloo, 2017; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Normann, N., Nordahl, H., & Nordahl, H. (2026) · Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-026-10157-w
Battaglini, A. M., Jameson, T., & LeMoult, J. (2026) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261426861
Isham, A. E., & Dritschel, B. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08922-5
“Previous research has found that the subscales exhibit acceptable convergent and discriminant validity (Schoofs et al. 2010).”
Siwik, C. J., Harrison, J. M., Kuyken, W., Segal, Z., Moran, P., Felder, J., Hartogensis, W., Goldman, V., Eisendrath, S., Hecht, F., et al. (2025) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130251407681
Nepomuceno, M. I., Branquinho, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2025) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2025.2520514
“The brooding dimension has been strongly associated with depressive symptoms and predicts their worsening over time (Dinis et al., 2011; Schoofs et al., 2010; Watkins, 2009).”
Tinôco, H. G. B. D. M., de Sousa, G. M., Ribeiro, E. B. A., Maciel, J. E. D. M., Tavares, V. D. D. O., de Morais, M. L., Bezerra, R. C., Fernandes, L. A., Lira, R. A., de Lima-Araujo, G. L., et al. (2025) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2025.100679 · Cited by 1
Albania, J. J., & Distor, J. M. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.330409
The shadowy realm of proactivity: how rumination fuels work–life conflict
Goswami, M., & Dash, S. (2025) · Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-07-2024-0240
Vardi, N., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Daches, S. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2334843
“Brooding is typically assessed by a self-report measure (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) and is found to be strongly and consistently associated with depression both concurrently and longitudinally in multiple studies (e.g., Schoofs et al., 2010; Treynor et al., 2003).”
Kozina, R. M., Lear, M. K., Stacy, S. E., Kern, S., Ripley, A. J., & Clapp, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23327
Ruminative Thoughts and Severity of Depression among Patients with Depressive Disorders
AbdElshakour, N. M. A., El-Boraie, O., & Ibrahim, N. (2018) · International journal of Nursing Didactics · doi:10.15520/ijnd.v8i08.2271
“This is in agreement with Schoofs, Hermans, and Raes (2010) who reported that brooding is considered a maladaptive strategy in which individuals compare recent status with unachieved goals thus, report depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundHeartbreak: a model for depression
Verhallen, A. (2021) · doi:10.33612/diss.196900366
Does rumination mediate the relationship between everyday discrimination and blood pressure?
Roane, S. J. (2018) · doi:10.18297/etd/3066
“…was based on findings around reflection rumination and depression (Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Marroquín et al., 2010; Miranda & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2007; Schoofs et al., 2010; Surrence et al., 2009), however in the only previous study that I am aware of that investigated brooding and reflection…”
BackgroundDondzilo, L. (2018) · doi:10.26182/5b6004bc74f89
“Further, there is evidence indicating that brooding, but not reflection, predicted depressive symptoms prospectively (Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Schoofs, Hanne
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2010-03-02
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 609-617
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2028185525
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 17.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, brooding, reflection, depressive rumination, Ruminative Response Scale, psychometric properties, factor structure, depressive symptoms, non-clinical sample
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
