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Cited by 142Infection Control and VentilationAtmospheric aerosols and cloudsParticle Dynamics in Fluid Flows

Relative humidity in droplet and airborne transmission of disease

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Božič, Anže, Kanduč, Matej·2021·Journal of Biological Physics
DOI 10.1007/s10867-020-09562-5PMC PMC7872882
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Abstract

A large number of infectious diseases are transmitted by respiratory droplets. How long these droplets persist in the air, how far they can travel, and how long the pathogens they might carry survive are all decisive factors for the spread of droplet-borne diseases. The subject is extremely multifaceted and its aspects range across different disciplines, yet most of them have only seldom been considered in the physics community. In this review, we discuss the physical principles that govern the fate of respiratory droplets and any viruses trapped inside them, with a focus on the role of relative humidity. Importantly, low relative humidity-as encountered, for instance, indoors during winter and inside aircraft-facilitates evaporation and keeps even initially large droplets suspended in air as aerosol for extended periods of time. What is more, relative humidity affects the stability of viruses in aerosol through several physical mechanisms such as efflorescence and inactivation at the air-water interface, whose role in virus inactivation nonetheless remains poorly understood. Elucidating the role of relative humidity in the droplet spread of disease would permit us to design preventive measures that could aid in reducing the chance of transmission, particularly in indoor environment.

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  • Wet conditions or high relative humidity are necessary for the disease to flourish.

    “Wet conditions or high relative humidity are necessary for the disease to flourish (Božič and Kanduč, 2021).”

    From Mango anthracnose disease: the current situation and direction for future research (2023) · cites this paper as Božič and Kanduč, 2021

    The 'Viruses in respiratory droplets' section (page not provided) says that, at 30–50% relative humidity, drier air can increase virus survival and make the spread of infections more effective. The paper describes humidity effects as varying by virus, not high humidity or wet conditions as necessary for disease to flourish. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Božič, A., & Kanduč, M.
Affiliations
Jožef Stefan Institute (SI)
Corresponding author
Kanduč, Matej
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Biological Physics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-02-10
Volume
47
Issue
1
Pages
1-29
ISSN
  • 0092-0606 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-0689
DOI
10.1007/s10867-020-09562-5
PMC
PMC7872882
OpenAlex
W3094348667
Cited by
142
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16
FWCI
3.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Biological Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (J1-1701, P1-0055)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
Keywords
relative humidity, respiratory droplets, airborne transmission, aerosols, droplet evaporation, virus stability, efflorescence, indoor transmission, aircraft cabin
MeSH terms
Aerosols, Humidity

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