The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Relational Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Moderating Effects of Mother, Father, and Peer Emotional Support
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence heralds a unique period of vulnerability to depressive symptoms. This longitudinal study examined relational victimization in adolescents' peer relationships as a unique predictor of depressive symptoms among a primarily (85%) Caucasian sample of 540 youth (294 females) concurrently and across a 6-year period. The moderating effects of emotional support received from mothers, fathers, and peers on the association between relational victimization and adolescents' depressive symptoms were also investigated. Findings revealed that adolescents who were relationally victimized consistently had higher depressive symptoms than their non-victimized peers. However, high levels of emotional support from fathers buffered this relationship over time. Emotional support from mothers and peers also moderated the longitudinal relationship between relational victimization and depressive symptoms, with high levels of support predicting increases in adolescents' symptoms. Relational victimization presents a clear risk for depressive symptoms in adolescence, and emotional support may serve either a protective or vulnerability-enhancing role depending on the source of support.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Peer victimization in childhood and adolescence has damaging effects on psychological adjustment and is strongly associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with symptoms of depression (Hawker and Boulton, 2000; Desjardins and Leadbeater, 2011; Ttofi et al., 2011; Stapinski et al., 2015)”
From Neural Activation to Parental Praise Interacts With Social Context to Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as Desjardins and Leadbeater, 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310 · Cited by 18,093
(1991) · Cited by 7,187
Relational Aggression, Gender, and Social-Psychological Adjustment
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x · Cited by 3,954
Ross, C. E., Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071725 · Cited by 3,927
Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons‐Morton, B. G., & Scheidt, P. C. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094 · Cited by 3,805
Handbook of Adolescent Psychology
(2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470479193 · Cited by 2,938
Parental Psychological Control: Revisiting a Neglected Construct
Barber, B. K. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x · Cited by 2,878
Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00629 · Cited by 2,694 · cited 7×
“In a meta-analysis of published cross-sectional studies examining the association between victimization and various forms of maladjustment, Hawker and Boulton (2000) found that, compared to other forms of adjustment (i.e., loneliness, generalized and social anxiety, global and social self-worth),…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Meece, D., & Laird, R. D. (2006). The importance of peers. In F. A. Villarruel & T. Luster (Eds.), The crisis in youth mental health: Critical issues and effective programs (vol 2): Disorders in adolescence. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–170 of 170
Jenchura, E. C., Gonzales, N. A., Tein, J., & Luecken, L. J. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0589-9 · Cited by 14
“They not only report greater amounts of rejection than boys (Beeri and LevWiesel 2012; Desjardins and Leadbeater 2011), but also exhibit greater levels of internalizing symptoms associated with interpersonal stress and rejection (Rudolph 2002; Beeri and Lev-Wiesel 2012).”
InfluentialArora, P. G., Wheeler, L. A., Fisher, S. D., Restituyo, M., & Barnes-Najor, J. V. (2020) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-020-09383-w · Cited by 10
Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., Choi, I., & Choi, E.-S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00532 · Cited by 10
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Duffy, A. L., & Stuart, J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12162 · Cited by 9
Zhu, D., Miller‐Slough, R. L., Garner, P. W., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2024) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2024.2386012 · Cited by 7
“High levels of emotional support from fathers buffer the positive linkage between relational victimization and depressive symptoms over time (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011).”
Peer Victimization Among Detained Youth: The Impact of Callous-Unemotional Traits
Fite, P. J., Williford, A., Griffith, R., & Parker, K. (2020) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-020-09593-y · Cited by 7
The Development of a Social Problem Solving Test for Elementary School Students
Cong, K. N., Tran, H. T., & Nguyen, M. L. T. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00360-5 · Cited by 7
Kassis, W., Artz, S. T.-G., Moldenhauer, S., Géczy, I., & Rossiter, K. R. (2015) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs.63201513562 · Cited by 7
“…(Artz & Nicholson, 2010; Longshore, Chang, Hsieh, & Messina, 2004; Prinstein & Cillessen, 2003) and a good relationship with teachers (Byrne & Lurigio, 2008; Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011; Yeung & Leadbeater, 2010) are especially helpful protective factors for adolescents from violent families.”
BackgroundResultJiang, Y., Li, X., Zhao, J., & Zhao, G. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01352-5 · Cited by 7
Stress, social support, and internalizing problems: Domains of stress and support
Wimmer, J., Coyle, S., Fox, J. K., & Grapin, S. L. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23344 · Cited by 7
Romantic relationships and adolescent depression in China: moderating effects of peer norms
Zhu, A., Kong, Z., & Zhou, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1644371 · Cited by 7
Thrasher, S. S., Malm, E. K., & Kim, C. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9121976 · Cited by 5
“Finally, regarding covariates, physical bullying victimization was significantly associated with social bullying victimization, as reported by other studies [28].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRui-hua, Z., & Zou, H. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.041 · Cited by 5
Huang, L., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., & Zhang, W. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.534 · Cited by 10
Amplifying the gender gap in academia: “Caregiving” at work during the pandemic
Manchester, C. F., Leroy, S., Dahm, P. C., & Glomb, T. M. (2023) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/irel.12326 · Cited by 6
Vaillancourt, T., & Brittain, H. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1411304 · Cited by 9
Kochel, K. P., & Bagwell, C. L. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.05.005 · Cited by 5
Styck, K. M., Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Demaray, M. K., Slany, A. E. W., Pyun, Y., Geisler, M., & Kassel, M. K. (2025) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2025.101464 · Cited by 7
Child disclosure, parental solicitation, and adjustment problems: Parental support as a mediator
Fernández, A., Loukas, A., & Pasch, K. E. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01032-2 · Cited by 4
Miljkovitch, R., de Terrasson, D., Awad, S., Sirparanta, A., & Mallet, P. (2025) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12543 · Cited by 9
Kim, S. M., Lee, S. K., Chang, J., Son, J. S., Kim, K. H., & Park, S. M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-30983-6 · Cited by 5
“In general, children who receive emotional support from their parents are known to be able to relieve stress 40 .”
신보람, & 이소연 (2018) · Journal of Education & Culture · doi:10.24159/joec.2018.24.3.331 · Cited by 4
Bilodeau, F., Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Côté, S. M., Tremblay, R. E., Petit, D., Montplaisir, J. Y., & Boivin, M. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00928-y · Cited by 4
Schwartz, D., Ryjova, Y., Luo, T. J., Malamut, S. T., Zhang, M., Taylor, L. M., & Omary, A. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00992-4 · Cited by 3
Shaheen, Z., Akhtar, T., & Khan, M. W. S. (2023) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2023.2287398 · Cited by 3
“Attachment theory and past literature confirm the worth of father-adolescent attachment affiliation in predicting adolescents’ mental health issues (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011; Flouri & Buchanan, 2002; Sandler, Miles, Cookston, & Braver, 2008) but there are inadequate studies connected to the…”
BackgroundNunes, S. A. N., Faraco, A. M. X., Vieira, M. L., Lisbôa, C. S. D. M., & Rubin, K. H. (2016) · Interação em Psicologia · doi:10.5380/psi.v19i3.32371 · Cited by 3
Relational Victimization and Maladjustment Among Hispanic Early Adolescents
Fernández, A., Loukas, A., Golaszewski, N. M., Batanova, M., & Pasch, K. E. (2017) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x17737796 · Cited by 3
“Rather, certain protective factors may buffer or offset the impact of relational victimization (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011) on Hispanic early adolescents’ emotional and behavior problems.”
BackgroundRueger, S. Y., & Johnson, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00092-0 · Cited by 5
Manna, G., Costanzo, G., Santis, S. D., & Falgares, G. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02529-2 · Cited by 2
“People with high attachment anxiety desire intimacy in relationships but constantly worry about rejection and abandonment and thus do not trust their ability to maintain close relationships (Diamond & Fagundes, 2010).”
BackgroundCan Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Protect from Relational Aggression and Victimization in College?
Christodoulou, V., Ilia, C., & Hadjigeorgiou, S. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2310222 · Cited by 2
“…on RV in college is limited, the findings correspond to childhood and adolescent literature highlighting the association of RV and internalizing symptoms (Casper & Card, 2017; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995; Crick et al., 2006; Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2010; Liao et al., 2022; Reijntjes et al., 2010).”
Bouffard, T., Gratton, N., & Labranche, A.-A. (2024) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2024.154031 · Cited by 2
The social impact of relational aggression on adults mental health
Hyder, S., Mayshak, R., Skvarc, D., Harris, N., Curtis, A., Harries, T., Benstead, M., & Patafio, B. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08147-6 · Cited by 2
“Importantly, RA Brittain, 2024 )Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011 ; Leadbeater & Sturgess, 2018 ; Vaillancourt & Brittain, 2024 ).”
Waller, J. M. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
Chappel, A. M. (2012) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 2
Koppejan, S. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 2
Lent, M. C., Buck, C., & Murray-Close, D. K. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03057-4 · Cited by 1
“For example, maternal overprotection has been associated with increased internalizing symptoms, whereas paternal support may uniquely buffer against peer victimization (Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011).”
Bédard, I., Cossette, L., Chamberland, L., Caron, P.-O., & Blais, M. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health / Revue Canadienne de Santé Mentale Communautaire · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2025-005 · Cited by 1
Research on the Influence of Parental Support on College Students' Self-Regulation Ability
Zuo, C., Wang, X., Zou, M., Wang, H., & Wang, D. (2022) · International Symposium on Educational Technology · doi:10.1109/iset55194.2022.00018 · Cited by 3
“Some studies suggest that parental support acts as a buffer from stress [44][45].”
BackgroundNetwork analysis of loneliness, mental, and physical health in Czech adolescents
Meier, Z., Helvich, J., Fürstová, J., Novák, L., Purova, D., Žídková, R., & Tavel, P. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00884-7 · Cited by 1
“Older adolescents develop better cognitive and emotional strategies to handle social stressors [93] and expand their social networks, which help mitigate loneliness and mental health impacts [91, 92, 103].”
Relational aggression in school settings : the efficacy of the First Step to Success intervention.
Dailey, A. (2015) · doi:10.18297/etd/2022
“Desjardins and Leadbeater (2011) conducted a longitudinal study to examine RA as a unique predictor of depression among a predominantly white sample of adolescents during a six-year period.”
BackgroundInfluentialNunes, S. A. N. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1
Sukhawathanakul, P. (2017) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 1
Guarneri-White, M. E. (2014) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Bester, G., & Opvoedkundige, D. (2014)
천연미 (2017) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)
Arango, A. (2019) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Cooley, J. L. (2018) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas)
The moderating effect of social support sources on adolescent victimization and maladjustment
Goggin, K. (2019) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20324105
The Impact of Online Experiences across Social Networking Platforms
Ford, S. J. (2020) · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)
Johari, M., Ahmad, S., & Ismail, Z. (2022) · Jurnal Dunia Pengurusan · doi:10.55057/jdpg.2022.4.1.10
Polihronis, C. (2017) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-11959
Wiertsema, M. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.940095022
Adverse Consequences of Crime Victimization for School-Aged Girls in South Korea
Han, S., Min-Suk, O., & Choi, J. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13080423
Alli, J., Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., & Jenkins, E. J. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01314-0
Victimization by Peers and Alcohol Use: The Moderating Effect of Self-Efficacy and Social Support
Pereda, N., & Anderson, K. G. (2025) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-025-00326-0
Pan, Z. E. N. G., Yuhui, W. A. N. G., Xiaoyuan, C. H. U., ZHENG, Q., Xinyi, W. E. I., & Li, L. E. I. (2025) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2026.0144
Kassis, W., & Artz, S. T.-G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33048-3_8
Navigating Temporality, Biography, and Educational Transitions
Wang, Z. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4426-4_4
Jiang, Y., Peng, Y., & He, J. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70135
Liu, L., Gai, J., Luo, M., Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Lou, Q., Wu, M., Zhao, K., Zhang, G., & Hong, L. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27128-3 · Cited by 2
Rapee, R. M., Bussey, K., CROSS, D. S., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16060958
Chang, M., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Zeng, Z., He, Z., Yang, Q., & Meng, L. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03102-7
Yuan, K., Sun, J., & Bian, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081447
“Previous studies have suggested that mothers’ parenting may be particularly relevant to certain aspects of children’s development (Day & Padilla-Walker, 2009; Desjardins & Leadbeater, 2011).”
Gómez, F., & Ponce, F. P. (2026) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118743501487421260820092511
Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Ji, L., Chen, L., Zhang, K., Cao, Y., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101803
“Some studies have reported stronger associations of relational victimization with anxiety and depressive symptoms among females (Desjardins and Leadbeater, 2011; Vuijk et al., 2007).”
Effects of parental stress-buffering on multiple measures of positive valence systems functioning
Zhou, Z., Sejourne, C., Panier, L. Y. X., Allison, G. O., Argiros, A. P., & Weinberg, A. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101862
Peer Aggression, Coping, and Daily Affect: Findings from a Preliminary Experience Sampling Study
Kim, S. S., Persram, R. J., & Craig, W. (2026) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-026-09983-8
Adolescent Self-Disclosure and Father Involvement Transactions Across Early to Midadolescence
Blickfeldt, S. (2013) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Desjardins, T. L., & Leadbeater, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Desjardins, Tracy L.
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2010-06-25
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 531-544
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- PMC
- PMC4905762
- OpenAlex
- W2078608343
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 11.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (43275_1, 79917_1)
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- relational victimization, depressive symptoms, adolescents, peer relationships, emotional support, maternal support, paternal support, peer support, moderation, protective factors, vulnerability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Depression, Emotions, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Social Support, Crime Victims
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review