Adolescent caffeine consumption and self-reported violence and conduct disorder
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world and currently the only one legally available to children and adolescents. The sale and use of caffeinated beverages has increased markedly among adolescents during the last decade. However, research on caffeine use and behaviors among adolescents is scarce. We investigate the relationship between adolescent caffeine use and self-reported violent behaviors and conduct disorders in a population-based cross-sectional sample of 3,747 10th grade students (15-16 years of age, 50.2 % girls) who were enrolled in the Icelandic national education system during February 2012. Through a series of multiple regression models, while controlling for background factors, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and current medication and peer delinquency, and including measures on substance use, our findings show robust additive explanatory power of caffeine for both violent behaviors and conduct disorders. In addition, the association of caffeine to the outcomes is significantly stronger for girls than boys for both violent behaviors and conduct disorders. Future studies are needed to examine to what extent, if at all, these relationships are causal. Indication of causal connections between caffeine consumption and negative outcomes such as those reported here would call into question the acceptability of current policies concerning the availability of caffeine to adolescents and the targeting of adolescence in the marketing of caffeine products.
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In a 2013 study of 3,747 15- to 16-year olds, self-reported caffeine intake was strongly associated with self-reported violent behavior and conduct disorders.
“In a 2013 study of 3,747 15- to 16-year olds, self-reported caffeine intake was strongly associated with self-reported violent behavior and conduct disorders (186).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [186]
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- Authors
- Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Frost, S. S., & James, J. E.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- Reykjavík University (IS)
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2013-01-29
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1053-1062
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- OpenAlex
- W2062362950
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Háskólinn í Reykjavík
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- caffeinated beverages, violent behavior, conduct disorder, gender differences, adolescent substance use, peer delinquency, ADHD symptoms, adolescent mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Beverages, Caffeine, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet Surveys, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Violence, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, Conduct Disorder, Self Report
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