Caffeine consumption and self-assessed stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children
Open accessAbstract
Previous research suggests that effects of caffeine on behaviour are positive unless one is investigating sensitive groups or ingestion of large amounts. Children are a potentially sensitive subgroup, and especially so considering the high levels of caffeine currently found in energy drinks. The present study used data from the Cornish Academies Project to investigate associations between caffeine (both its total consumption, and that derived separately from energy drinks, cola, tea, and coffee) and single-item measures of stress, anxiety, and depression, in a large cohort of secondary school children from the South West of England. After adjusting for additional dietary, demographic, and lifestyle covariates, positive associations between total weekly caffeine intake and anxiety and depression remained significant, and the effects differed between males and females. Initially, effects were also observed in relation to caffeine consumed specifically from coffee. However, coffee was found to be the major contributor to high overall caffeine intake, providing explanation as to why effects relating to this source were also apparent. Findings from the current study increase our knowledge regarding associations between caffeine intake and stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children, though the cross-sectional nature of the research made it impossible to infer causality.
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Some of the cross-sectional studies examined caffeine-related effects of cola drinks.
“Some of the cross-sectional studies examined caffeine-related effects of cola drinks [93, 96, 97].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
A number of cross-sectional studies examined the effects of energy drink consumption among children and adolescents, with each study often reporting on multiple outcomes.
“A number of cross-sectional studies examined the effects of energy drink consumption among children and adolescents [90–97], with each study often reporting on multiple outcomes.”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
One study found that both low and high consumption of cola were associated with lower stress and found null associations with anxiety and depression.
“One found that both low and high consumption of cola were associated with lower stress and found null associations with anxiety and depression [96].”
From The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s health: an update of the literature (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
Higher caffeine use is associated with greater reporting of anxiety symptoms and may increase risk of symptom relapse and suicide among bipolar disorder patients.
“There is also good evidence that higher caffeine use is associated with greater reporting of anxiety symptoms (211, 212) and may increase risk of symptom relapse (213) and suicide among bipolar disorder patients (214).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [212]
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- Authors
- Richards, G., & Smith, A.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, Gareth
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-10-27
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1236-1247
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- PMC
- PMC4668773
- OpenAlex
- W2113658378
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Waterloo Foundation (503692)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, energy drinks, anxiety, depression, stress, high school students, coffee, cola, tea, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Caffeine, Carbonated Beverages, Child, Coffee, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Diet, England, Female, Humans, Life Style, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Energy Drinks
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