The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Linking parent–child and peer relationship quality to empathy in adolescence: A multilevel meta–analysis
Open accessAbstract
Empathy, which is the ability to feel concern for and to understand others' feelings, is thought to develop in high quality relationships with parent and peers, but also to facilitate the quality of these relationships. While a wide literature has addressed this aspect, the heterogeneity of primary studies, in which different indicators of relationship quality (e.g., support, conflict) and empathy (i.e., affective and cognitive) have been examined, makes it difficult to draw conclusive answers. Therefore, it remained ambiguous how parent-child and peer relationship quality are associated with adolescents' empathy. In order to increase the understanding of these associations, a multilevel meta-analysis was performed, which allowed for including multiple effect sizes from each study. By a systematic literate search, 70 eligible studies were found that provided 390 effect sizes from 75 independent samples. The results showed a small positive correlation between parent-child relationship quality and empathy, and a small-to-moderate positive correlation between peer relationship quality and empathy, which was significantly stronger than the correlation with parent-child relationship quality. Hence, the meta-analytic results indicate that adolescents with higher quality relationships, especially with peers, indeed tend to show more concern for and understanding of others' emotions than adolescents with lower quality relationships. Moreover, the moderation analyses showed stronger correlations for the positive dimension of relationship quality than for the negative dimension, and stronger correlations for composite scores of affective and cognitive empathy than for separate scores of the empathy dimensions. However, no differences in correlations were found between the affective and cognitive empathy dimension, and no moderation effects were found for gender and age. Thus, this meta-analysis demonstrates robust positive associations between parent-child and peer relationship quality and empathy in adolescence, implying that good empathic abilities may be a protective factor for experiencing poor relationships.
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“Previous empirical studies also found that the cognitive and affective dimensions of empathy exerted different effects on various positive and negative behaviors. Generally, cognitive empathy had closer ties to other variables [45,46].”
From The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses. (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
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Shao, Y., & Kang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938756 · Cited by 124
Conduct Disorders and Empathy Development
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Metadata
- Authors
- Boele, S., Van der Graaff, J., de Wied, M., Van der Valk, I. E., Crocetti, E., & Branje, S.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Boele, Savannah
- Venue
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence
- Published
- 2019-02-27
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1033-1055
- ISSN
- 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6601
- PMC
- PMC6525137
- OpenAlex
- W2920732182
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- empathy, parent-child relationship, peer relationships, relationship quality, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, adolescents, social support, relationship conflict, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Empathy, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Parent-Child Relations, Peer Group, Models, Statistical
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