A Longitudinal Study of Pre-pregnancy and Pregnancy Risk Factors Associated with Antenatal and Postnatal Symptoms of Depression: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand
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Objectives Antenatal and postnatal depression can lead to poor outcomes for women and their children. The aim of this study was to explore whether risk factors differ for depression symptoms that are present during pregnancy and/or after childbirth. Methods An ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 5301 women completed interviews during the third trimester of pregnancy and 9 months after childbirth. Depression symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Depression symptoms (defined as EPDS >12) among participants and associations with pre-pregnancy and pregnancy maternal characteristics were explored using logistic regression. Results The rate of antenatal depression symptoms (ADS) only was 8.5, 5% of women had depression symptoms at 9 months postpartum (PDS) only and 3% experienced depression symptoms at both time points. Perceived stress and Pacific or Asian ethnicity were risk factors for ADS and PDS. Anxiety during and before pregnancy was a risk factor for ADS only while having a pre-pregnancy diagnosis of depression was a risk factor for PDS only. Having ADS increased the odds ratio of PDS by 1.5 (95% CI 1.01-2.30). Conclusions The results supported evidence from previous longitudinal studies that depression symptoms appear to be higher during pregnancy than in the first year following childbirth. The study found that PDS may often be a continuation or recurrence of ADS.
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For the EPDS, a cut-off of ≥ 11 has estimated sensitivity and specificity for depression of 0.83/0.90 in the antepartum period.
“For inclusion, a cut-off of ≥ 11 will be used since sensitivity and specificity for depression at this cut-off are estimated to be 0.83/0.90 in the antepartum period [18, 38, 50].”
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A várandósság alatti depresszió és szorongás szocio-demográfiai rizikótényezői
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Self-citationThe Role of Husband Among the Mental Health of Pregnant Woman: Scoping Review
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Mental health and paid parental leave—what does the evidence say?
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- Authors
- Underwood, L., Waldie, K. E., D’Souza, S., Peterson, E. R., & Morton, S. M. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Underwood, Lisa
- Venue
- Maternal and Child Health Journal
- Published
- 2016-11-11
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 915-931
- ISSN
- 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6628
- OpenAlex
- W2556636557
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Social Policy Evaluation and Research Unit, New Zealand
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Keywords
- antenatal depression, postpartum depression, pregnancy, risk factors, perceived stress, Asian ethnicity, prenatal anxiety, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Growing Up in New Zealand cohort, maternal mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mothers, New Zealand, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Prenatal Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Logistic Models, Depression, Postpartum, Pregnant People, Young Adult
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