Cited by 77Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcareMaternal and Perinatal Health Interventions

A Longitudinal Study of Pre-pregnancy and Pregnancy Risk Factors Associated with Antenatal and Postnatal Symptoms of Depression: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand

Open access
Underwood, Lisa, Waldie, Karen E., D’Souza, Stephanie, Peterson, Elizabeth R., Morton, Susan M. B.·2017·Maternal and Child Health Journal

Abstract

Objectives Antenatal and postnatal depression can lead to poor outcomes for women and their children. The aim of this study was to explore whether risk factors differ for depression symptoms that are present during pregnancy and/or after childbirth. Methods An ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 5301 women completed interviews during the third trimester of pregnancy and 9 months after childbirth. Depression symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Depression symptoms (defined as EPDS >12) among participants and associations with pre-pregnancy and pregnancy maternal characteristics were explored using logistic regression. Results The rate of antenatal depression symptoms (ADS) only was 8.5, 5% of women had depression symptoms at 9 months postpartum (PDS) only and 3% experienced depression symptoms at both time points. Perceived stress and Pacific or Asian ethnicity were risk factors for ADS and PDS. Anxiety during and before pregnancy was a risk factor for ADS only while having a pre-pregnancy diagnosis of depression was a risk factor for PDS only. Having ADS increased the odds ratio of PDS by 1.5 (95% CI 1.01-2.30). Conclusions The results supported evidence from previous longitudinal studies that depression symptoms appear to be higher during pregnancy than in the first year following childbirth. The study found that PDS may often be a continuation or recurrence of ADS.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10995-016-2191-x

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Underwood, L., Waldie, K. E., D’Souza, S., Peterson, E. R., & Morton, S. M. B.
Affiliations
University of Auckland (NZ)
Corresponding author
Underwood, Lisa
Venue
Maternal and Child Health Journal
Published
2016-11-11
Volume
21
Issue
4
Pages
915-931
ISSN
  • 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-6628
OpenAlex
W2556636557
Cited by
77
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
FWCI
6.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Social Policy Evaluation and Research Unit, New Zealand
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Keywords
antenatal depression, postpartum depression, pregnancy, risk factors, perceived stress, Asian ethnicity, prenatal anxiety, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Growing Up in New Zealand cohort, maternal mental health
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mothers, New Zealand, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Prenatal Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Logistic Models, Depression, Postpartum, Pregnant People, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review