Over a Century of Leadership for Maternal and Child Health in the United States: An Updated History of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Zika infection during pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects such as microcephaly and major brain malformations.

“Prenatal exposure to the mosquito-borne Zika virus can result in serious birth defects, including microcephaly and severe brain malformations”

• cites Shapiro-Mendoza et al., 2017 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Both surveys ran every four years until 2016, when they merged into one annual survey.

“These surveys were each conducted every four years until 2016, when the surveys were combined into a single, annual survey”

• cites Ghandour et al., 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Launched in 1991, Healthy Start was a community-focused effort to lower infant mortality and narrow racial gaps in birth outcomes.

“Healthy Start began in 1991 as a community-based initiative to reduce infant mortality and address racial disparities in birth outcomes”

• cites Escarne et al., 2017 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pregnant women with COVID-19 had an increased likelihood of intensive care unit admission and increased morbidity and mortality.

“Pregnant women with COVID-19 experienced increased likelihood of admission to intensive care units, and increased morbidity and mortality (Zambrano et al., 2020).”

• cites Zambrano et al., 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

MCHB's strategic goal on equity aligns with a key priority of the broader MCH field as well as the strategic plans of HHS and HRSA.

“MCHB’s strategic goal on equity aligns with a key priority of the broader MCH field as well as the strategic plans of HHS and HRSA (Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, CityMatCH, National Healthy Start Association, & National Institute for Children’s Health Quality, 2021; Health Resources and Services Administration, 2022b; Jackson et al., 2020; U.S. Department of Health and Human”

• cites Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, CityMatCH, National Healthy Start Association, & National Institute for Children’s Health Quality, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Health Resources and Services Administration, 2022bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jackson et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Methods section says the birth equity statement aligns with an expanding approach in the broader MCH community, and the Call to Action and Conclusion describes equity-based work as a mandate for that community. The paper does not address MCHB’s strategic goal or the HHS and HRSA strategic plans, so it supports only the broader-MCH portion of the cited sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The Title V MCH Services Block Grant reaches 98% of all infants, 93% of pregnant women, and 60% of all children, including children and youth with special healthcare needs.

“The Title V MCH Services Block Grant reaches 98% of all infants, 93% of pregnant women, and 60% of all children, including children and youth with special healthcare needs (Health Resources and Services Administration, 2022a).”

• cites Health Resources and Services Administration, 2022aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Poison Control Program had originally been housed within MCHB when it was first established at HRSA in the early 2000s.

“The Poison Control Program had originally been housed within MCHB when it was first established at HRSA in the early 2000s (The Institute of Medicine, 2004).”

• cites The Institute of Medicine, 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Poison Control Program, previously housed in HRSA's Healthcare Systems Bureau, was transferred to MCHB in 2021 and is housed in the Division of Child, Adolescent and Family Health alongside MCHB's injury prevention programs.

“The Poison Control Program, previously housed in HRSA’s Healthcare Systems Bureau, was transferred to MCHB in 2021 and is housed in the Division of Child, Adolescent and Family Health alongside MCHB’s injury prevention programs (Health Resources and Services Administration, 2021b).”

• cites Health Resources and Services Administration, 2021bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MCHB is staffed by over 300 full-time employees working in six programmatic divisions and three cross-cutting offices.

“The Bureau is staffed by over 300 full-time employees working in six programmatic divisions and three cross-cutting offices (Table 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MCHB manages fourteen distinct legislative authorities.

“MCHB manages fourteen distinct legislative authorities (Table 2) with a budget of $1.68 billion in federal fiscal year 2023.”

May combine two claims.

Through the Promoting Pediatric Primary Prevention (P4) Challenge, community partners generated more than 52,000 well-child visits and nearly 23,000 immunizations.

“Through the Promoting Pediatric Primary Prevention (P4) Challenge, community partners generated more than 52,000 well-child visits and nearly 23,000 immunizations (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022b).”

• cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 2021 MCHB Strategic Plan focuses on four goals: assuring access to high-quality and equitable health services to optimize health and well-being for all MCH populations; achieving health equity for MCH populations; strengthening public health capacity and workforce for MCH; and maximizing impact through leadership, partnership, and stewardship.

“The plan focuses on four key goals: (1) Assure access to high-quality and equitable health services to optimize health and well-being for all MCH populations; (2) Achieve health equity for MCH populations; (3) Strengthen public health capacity and workforce for MCH; and (4) Maximize impact through leadership, partnership, and stewardship.”

• cites Health Resources and Services Administration, 2022cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Among the 35 newborn screening core conditions on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel, all 50 states, DC, Guam, and Puerto Rico are screening for at least 30 or more conditions.

“And among the 35 newborn screening core conditions currently on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel, all 50 states, DC, Guam, and Puerto Rico are screening for at least 30 or more conditions; eighteen states screen for all 35 core conditions (Association of Public Health Laboratories, 2022).”

• cites Association of Public Health Laboratories, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In FY2020, Healthy Start reached approximately 66,000 participants in 101 communities with some of the highest infant mortality rates in the country.

“In FY2020, Healthy Start reached approximately 66,000 participants in 101 communities with some of the highest infant mortality rates in the country.”

• cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current Healthy Start cohort has projects in 35 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

“The current Healthy Start cohort has projects in 35 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022a).”

• cites U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2022aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Eighteen states screen for all 35 core conditions on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel.

“And among the 35 newborn screening core conditions currently on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel, all 50 states, DC, Guam, and Puerto Rico are screening for at least 30 or more conditions; eighteen states screen for all 35 core conditions (Association of Public Health Laboratories, 2022).”

• cites Association of Public Health Laboratories, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The initial Children's Bureau received an appropriation of $25,640 and was authorized to employ 15 full-time staff plus a chief appointed by the President.

“The Children’s Bureau was appropriated $25,640 and authorized for 15 full time employees, plus a Bureau Chief to be appointed by the President”

• cites Bradbury & Eliot, 1956Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1913, the Children's Bureau relocated to the Department of Labor, beginning a series of ten relocations across the following eight decades.

“The Children’s Bureau would move to the Department of Labor in 1913, the first of ten moves over the next 80 years”

• cites Bradbury & Eliot, 1956Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Bureau started its Improved Pregnancy Outcome Projects in 1976, aiming to enhance care across the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods.

“in 1976, the Bureau launched the Improved Pregnancy Outcome Projects to improve care before, during, and after pregnancy”

• cites Health Resources and Services Administration, 2022eNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Koontz, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 1981 law authorized SPRANS, research, and training in MCH and crippled children's services, plus genetic disease and hemophilia grants.

“The OBRA ’81 authorized “special projects of regional and national significance (SPRANS), research, and training with respect to maternal and child health and crippled children, for genetic disease testing, counseling, and information development and dissemination programs, and for grants relating to hemophilia.””

• cites “Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981,” 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

EMSC began with demonstration grants in four states and eventually covered all states, DC, five territories, and three freely associated states.

“EMSC initially provided demonstration grants to four states but subsequently expanded to fund all states, DC, five territories, and three freely associated states”

• cites Fuchs, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The first MCH research appropriations occurred in 1963 and targeted prevention and treatment of intellectual disabilities.

“The first appropriations for research were in 1963 and focused on preventing and treating intellectual disabilities”

May combine two claims.

The 1965 Title V amendment created Children and Youth demonstration projects, which delivered comprehensive care to children in low-income areas.

“The Children and Youth (C&Y) demonstration projects, authorized with the 1965 amendment to Title V, supported comprehensive care (defined as including “screening, diagnosis, preventive services, treatment, correction of defects, and aftercare, both medical and dental”) and focused on children in low-income neighborhoods”

• cites “Social Security Amendments of 1965,” 1965Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Title V state grants-in-aid were allocated according to each state's share of live births and required 1:1 matching.

“which were allocated based on the state’s proportion of live births and required 1:1 matching”

• cites Lesser, 1985 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites “Social Security Act of 1935,” 1935Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 1989 law set minimum block grant spending: 30% for children's preventive and primary care and 30% for children with special health care needs.

“OBRA ’89 also stipulated that states spend at least 30% of their block grant funds for preventive and primary care services for children, and at least 30% for services for children with special health care needs”

• cites “Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989,” 1989Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Congress passed the Genetic Diseases Act in 1976, and a Genetic Services Branch followed in 1978.

“with passage of the Genetic Diseases Act in 1976 and the subsequent creation of the Genetic Services Branch in 1978”

May combine two claims.

Title V obligated states to obtain approval from the Children's Bureau Chief for their MCH and crippled children's service plans, creating grant-fund accountability.

“The law required states to submit a plan for maternal and child health and crippled children’s services for approval by the Chief of the Children’s Bureau, setting the foundation for accountability of grant funds”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MCHB later issued a CSHCN definition covering children who have or risk a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and need services beyond those typical for children.

“MCHB subsequently published a new definition for CSHCN: “Children with special health care needs are those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally””

• cites McPherson et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In 1969 the Children's Bureau ended; child welfare duties shifted to the Office of Child Development, and health programs became Maternal and Child Health Services within the US Public Health Service's Health Services and Mental Health Administration.

“The Children’s Bureau, as it had existed to date, was discontinued in 1969. The child welfare components were transferred to the Office of Child Development, while the health programs (including the programs that exist in today’s MCHB) were moved within DHEW to the US Public Health Service’s Health Services and Mental Health Administration in a unit designated as Maternal and Child Health Services”

• cites Athey et al., 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sheppard-Towner was not reauthorized in 1929, which ended the first era of federal-state MCH partnerships.

“Sheppard-Towner was not reauthorized in 1929, effectively ending this first period of federal-state MCH partnerships”

May combine two claims.

EMIC assisted roughly 1.5 million mothers and infants between 1943 and 1949, and at its peak accounted for one of every seven US births.

“Between 1943 and 1949, EMIC served approximately 1.5 million mothers and infants and at one point covered one in seven births in the United States”

• cites “Close of the EMIC Program,” 1949 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Merriam, 1960Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

EMIC covered prenatal, delivery, and infant care, targeting families of enlisted personnel in the four lowest pay grades.

“EMIC provided prenatal care, labor and delivery care, and care for infants, with a focus on the families of enlisted service members in the lowest four pay grades”

• cites Eliot, 1944 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Social Security Act of 1935 included Title V, which provided grants to states for maternal and child welfare.

“The Social Security Act, passed in 1935, included Title V: Grants to States for Maternal and Child Welfare”

• cites “Social Security Act of 1935,” 1935Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 1981 OBRA merged Title V MCH and crippled children's services into a block grant and added several categorical programs from the Public Health Service Act.

“OBRA ‘81 consolidated the Title V maternal and child health and crippled children’s services programs into a MCH block grant, along with categorical programs from the Public Health Service Act”

• cites “Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981,” 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

During World War II, the Children's Bureau ran the Emergency Maternity and Infant Care program, the first major publicly funded medical program in the nation's history.

“During World War II, the Children’s Bureau administered the Emergency Maternity and Infant Care (EMIC) program, the first large scale public medical program in our nation’s history”

• cites Eliot, 1944 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Bureau began funding MCH training in public health schools in 1947, the first such programs.

“In 1947, the Bureau funded the first MCH training programs in schools of public health”

• cites Athey et al., 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 2015, MCHB overhauled the Block Grant Guidance around three goals: less state burden, preserved flexibility, and stronger accountability.

“In 2015, in part due to pressures to demonstrate the continued need for the MCH Block Grant, the Bureau announced a transformation of the Block Grant Guidance. The overhaul was based on three principles: reduce burden on states, maintain state flexibility, and improve accountability”

• cites Lu et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

MCHB provided $20 million in grants to improve service access, train providers on pediatric Zika care, and foster family engagement.

“MCHB awarded $20 million in grant funds to assure access to comprehensive services, educate providers on caring for children with Zika virus, and support family engagement”

• cites Health Resources and Services Administration, 2017aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

MCHB started the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs in 2001 and the National Survey of Children's Health in 2003 to supply state and national indicator data for MCH policy and programs.

“MCHB launched the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs in 2001 and the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) in 2003 to provide state- and national-level data on key indicators to inform MCH programming and policy”

• cites van Dyck et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The 2010 ACA broadened Medicaid eligibility, let young adults stay on parental plans until age 26, and barred pre-existing condition exclusions.

“The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed in 2010, ushered in important health provisions for MCH populations, including expansion of Medicaid eligibility, coverage under parental insurance plans for young adults up to age 26, and prohibition of exclusions for pre-existing conditions”

• cites “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,” 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first locally acquired Zika cases in the US appeared in 2016.

“In 2016, the first cases of locally-transmitted Zika virus were identified in the United States”

• cites National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 2016 21st Century Cures Act created two MCH behavioral health access programs: Pediatric Mental Health Care Access Grants and Screening and Treatment for Maternal Depression.

“In 2016, the 21st Century Cures Act (PL 114–255) authorized two programs aimed at improving access to behavioral health services for MCH populations: the Pediatric Mental Health Care Access Grants and Screening and Treatment for Maternal Depression”

• cites “21st Century Cures Act,” 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

MCHB began a 2012 CoIIN to cut infant mortality via less early elective delivery, more interconception care, safe sleep promotion, less smoking during pregnancy, and better risk-appropriate perinatal regionalization.

“Starting in 2012, MCHB initiated a CoIIN focused on strategies to reduce infant mortality (reducing early elective deliveries, expanding access to interconception care, promoting safe infant sleep practices, reducing smoking in pregnancy, and improving regionalized system of risk-appropriate perinatal care)”

• cites Hirai et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FY 2023 budget included SPRANS set-asides for oral health, epilepsy, sickle cell disease, and fetal alcohol syndrome.

“in the FY 2023 budget, Congress set aside funds for oral health, epilepsy, sickle cell disease, and fetal alcohol syndrome”

• cites Congressional Record, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

That supplement helped identify over 9,600 lead-exposed children and connect them with community resources and support services.

“The supplemental funding supported identification of more than 9600 children who experienced lead exposure, and referral to appropriate community resources and support services”

• cites D.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Families experienced increased hardships during the pandemic, such as loss of employment and disruptions in child care.

“Families experienced increased hardships, such as loss of employment and disruptions in child care (United States Census Bureau, 2022).”

• cites United States Census Bureau, 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A 1996 welfare reform law created a new grant program for abstinence education.

“The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PL 104–193) authorized a new abstinence education grant program”

May combine two claims.

During the 2000s, Congress gave formal authorization to existing Bureau efforts such as heritable disorders, Healthy Start, and sickle cell treatment demonstrations, and created new programs for newborn hearing screening and autism.

“In the first decade of the new millennium, Congress formally authorized programs established earlier in the Bureau, including heritable disorders and Healthy Start (PL 106–310), and sickle cell disease treatment demonstrations (PL 108–357); Congress also authorized new programs for universal newborn hearing screening (PL 106–310) and autism (PL 109–416)”

• cites “Children’s Health Act of 2000,” 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites “American Jobs Creation Act of 2004,” 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites “Combating Autism Act of 2006,” 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The HRSA-supported preventive services mandated in the ACA have far-reaching impacts for MCH populations.

“The HRSA-supported preventive services mandated in the ACA have far-reaching impacts for MCH populations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Over 110 years, Bureau staff have provided national leadership and supported marked improvements in outcomes for MCH populations.

“Over 110 years, Bureau staff have provided national leadership and supported marked improvements in outcomes for MCH populations.”