Amygdalus spinosissima root extract enhanced scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice
Abstract
The Amygdalus spinosissima (Rosaceae) plant has been used in the Iranian folk medicine as a remedy for the burn wound. Hence, in this study, we aimed to determine the possible medicinal potential of the plant focusing on the root part. The bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the root extract of the Amygdalus spinosissima plant as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were determined. Moreover, the effects of root extract on learning and memory in mice were evaluated. The results revealed that the root methanolic extract contained phenolic and flavonoid compounds including apigenin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, gallic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid. The extract possessed antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities in vitro. These biological activities were attributed to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The A. spinosissima root extract improved learning and memory function in scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction in mice as determined using the Morris water maze task. The extract modulated the AChE, BChE, and inflammatory genes and enhanced the expression of the antioxidant enzymes in the brain. Consequently, A. spinosissima root extract could be considered as a promising source of potent bioactive compounds in the retarding the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Extracts from Amygdalus spinosissima roots, Peganum harmala, Trianthema portulastrum, Centella asiatica, Citrus reticulata, and Cudrania tricuspidata reduced AChE activity and improved cognitive function in scopolamine-treated mice.
“Extracts from Amygdalus spinosissima roots, Peganum harmala, Trianthema portulastrum, Centella asiatica, and other plants, including Citrus reticulata and Cudrania tricuspidata, have also shown promising results in reducing AChE activity and improving cognitive function in SCO-treated mice [30,31,32,33,34,35].”
From Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants and Their Potential in Alzheimer’s Treatment: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Sajjadi, M., Oskoueian, E., Karimi, E., & Ebrahimi, M.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University, Mashhad (IR)
- Agricultural Research & Education Organization (IR)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Oskoueian, Ehsan
- Karimi, Ehsan
- Venue
- Metabolic Brain Disease
- Published
- 2021-07-17
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1859-1869
- ISSN
- 0885-7490 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7365
- OpenAlex
- W3178229269
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Metabolic Brain Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- root extract, scopolamine-induced amnesia, learning and memory, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, neuroprotection, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory genes
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Antioxidants, Butyrylcholinesterase, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Iran, Plant Extracts, Scopolamine, Maze Learning, Mice
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