Protective effect of Cnestis ferruginea and its active constituent on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice: A behavioral and biochemical study
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) (CF) is used in traditional African medicine in the management of CNS disorders. The degeneration and dysfunction of cholinergic neurons is closely associated with the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. However, the influence of C. ferruginea on the cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameters has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigates the effect of methanol root extract of C. ferruginea and its active constituent amentoflavone (CF-2) on memory, oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in scopolamine-induced amnesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were orally treated with CF (25-200 mg/kg), CF-2 (6.25-25 mg/kg) for three days and memory impairment was induced by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (3 mg/kg). Memory function was evaluated by passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and cholinergic function were estimated in brain after the completion of behavioral studies. RESULTS: Scopolamine caused memory impairment along with increased AChE activity and oxidative stress in mice brain. Oral administration of CF and CF-2 significantly prevented scopolamine-induced memory impairment, inhibited AChE and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain following scopolamine injection as compared to vehicle administration in scopolamine (i.p.)-treated mice that were comparable to the effect of tacrine. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that C. ferruginea and its constituent have significant protective effect against scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice that can be attributed to their antioxidant and antiAChE activity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Methanolic extracts of Bergenia ciliata, Cnestis ferruginea, and Emblica officinalis significantly reduced AChE activity and improved cognitive functions.
“Studies on the methanolic extracts of Bergenia ciliata, Cnestis ferruginea, and Emblica officinalis also reported significant reductions in AChE activity and improvements in cognitive functions [54,55,56].”
From Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants and Their Potential in Alzheimer’s Treatment: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
PROTEIN MEASUREMENT WITH THE FOLIN PHENOL REAGENT
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. (1951) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52451-6 · Cited by 315,771 · see citing works
Ellman, G. L. (1959) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6 · Cited by 26,824 · see citing works
Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids
Green, L. C., Wagner, D. A., Glogowski, J. A., Skipper, P. L., Wishnok, J. S., & Tannenbaum, S. R. (1982) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(82)90118-x · Cited by 12,061 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease and Senile Dementia: Loss of Neurons in the Basal Forebrain
Whitehouse, P., Price, D., Struble, R., Clark, A., Coyle, J., & DeLong, M. R. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7058341 · Cited by 3,627 · see citing works
The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: A review of progress
Francis, P. T., Palmer, A. M., Snape, M., & Wilcock, G. K. (1999) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.2.137 · Cited by 2,198 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has been shown that there are selective and excessive loss of cholinergic neurons, decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels and reduced number of ACh receptors in AD brains (Francis et al., 1999; Guan et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAlzheimer Disease in the US Population: Prevalence Estimates Using the 2000 Census
Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A., & Evans, D. A. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.8.1119 · Cited by 2,168 · see citing works
Human Memory and the Cholinergic System
Drachman, D. A. (1974) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1974.00490320001001 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease: strategies for disease modification
Citron, M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2896 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Lowry determination of protein in the presence of Triton X-100
Wang, C., & Smith, R. L. (1975) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(75)90363-2 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter for learning and memory?
Blokland, A. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(95)00016-x · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Increased peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in Alzheimer's disease
Marcus, D. L., Thomas, C., Rodriguez, C., Simberkoff, K., Tsai, J. S., Strafaci, J. A., & Freedman, M. L. (1998) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1997.6750 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Levey, A. I. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13541 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Therapeutic effects of herbal extracts and constituents in animal models of psychiatric disorders
Zhang, Z. (2004) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.014 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Anticholinergic Sensitivity in Patients With Dementia of the Alzheimer Type and Age-Matched Controls
Sunderland, T. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800170032006 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Guan, Z., Zhang, X., Ravid, R., & Nordberg, A. K. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740237.x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
CHOLINERGIC ‘BLOCKADE’ AS A MODEL FOR CHOLINERGIC DEPLETION
Kopelman, M. D., & Corn, T. H. (1988) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/111.5.1079 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Bores, G. M., Huger, F. P., Petko, W. W., Mutlib, A. E., Camacho, F., Rush, D. K., Selk, D. E., Wolf, V., Kosley, R. W., Davis, L., et al. (1996) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)12928-5 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Beatty, W. W., Butters, N., & Janowsky, D. S. (1986) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(86)90772-7 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Elsherbiny, D. A., Khalifa, A. E., Attia, A. S., & Eldenshary, E. E.-D. S. (2003) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.09.014 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Lorenzini, C. A., Baldi, E., Bucherelli, C., Sacchetti, B., & Tassoni, G. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00427-1 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Dietary Flavonoids as Potential Neuroprotectants
Youdim, K. A., Spencer, J. P. E., Schroeter, H., & Rice-Evans, C. A. (2002) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2002.052 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Fan, Y., Hu, J., Li, J., Yang, Z., Xin, X., Wang, J., Ding, J., & Geng, M. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.063 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Colado, M. I., O’Shea, E., Granados, R., Misra, A., Murray, T. K., & Green, A. R. (1997) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701201 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
13C NMR studies of some naturally occurring amentoflavone and hinokiflavone biflavonoids
Markham, K. R., Sheppard, C., & Geiger, H. (1987) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82499-1 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Tota, S., Awasthi, H., Kamat, P. K., Nath, C., & Hanif, K. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.017 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationCaffeine attenuates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in humans
Reidel, W., Hogervorst, E., Leboux, R., Verhey, F., van Praag, H., & Jolles, J. (1995) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246090 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Jeong, E. J., Lee, K. Y., Kim, S. H., Sung, S. H., & Kim, Y. C. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.015 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Antioxidant Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Current State
Gilgun‐Sherki, Y., Melamed, E., & Offen, D. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1385/jmn:21:1:1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration
Dringen, R. (2000) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01651.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Kang, S. S., Lee, J. Y., Choi, Y. K., et al. (2004) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.003 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of naturally occurring biflavonoids
Kang, S. S., Lee, J. Y., Choi, Y. K., et al. (2005) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.078 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Oke, J., & Hamburger, M. (2002) · African Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.4314/ajbr.v5i1-2.53985 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Banerjee, T., Valacchi, G., Ziboh, V. A., et al. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1019963222510 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Tota, S., Kamat, P. K., Awasthi, H., Singh, N., Raghubir, R., Nath, C., & Hanif, K. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.044 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term stabilizing effect of cholinesterase inhibitors in the therapy of Alzheimer’ disease
Giacobini, E. (2002) · Journal of neural transmission. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6139-5_17 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Tota, S., Kamat, P. K., Shukla, R., & Nath, C. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.041 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficacy study of Prunus amygdalus (almond) nuts in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats
Kulkarni, K., Kasture, S., & Mengi, S. (2010) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.66841 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Awasthi, H., Tota, S., Hanif, K., Nath, C., & Shukla, R. (2010) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationScopolamine alters rhesus monkey performance on a novel neuropsychological test battery
Taffe, M. A., Weed, M. R., & Gold, L. H. (1999) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00021-x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ishola, I. O., Akindele, A. J., & Adeyemi, O. O. (2011) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.024 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationCholinergic influence on memory stages: A study on scopolamine amnesic mice
Nath, C., Agrawal, R., Tyagi, E., & Saxena, G. (2009) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.56072 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Antiamnesic effect of stevioside in scopolamine-treated rats
Singh, N., Sharma, D., Puri, M., Tiwary, A. K., & Jaggi, A. S. (2010) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.66840 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hyman, B. T., Damasio, H., Damasio, A. R., & Hoesen, G. W. V. (1989) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.10.050189.000555 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ishola, I. O., Agbaje, O. E., Narender, T., et al. (2012) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationAnti-Stress Potential of Aqueous Root Extract of Cnestis ferruginea
Ishola, I. O., & Ashorobi, R. B. (2007) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2007.295.298 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
ALNasser, M. N., Alboraiy, G. M., Alsowig, E. M., & Alqattan, F. M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020215 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hosseini, Z., Mansouritorghabeh, F., Kakhki, F. S. H., Hosseini, M., Rakhshandeh, H., Hosseini, A., Hasanpour, M., Iranshahi, M., & Rajabian, A. (2022) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00898-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sajjadi, M., Oskoueian, E., Karimi, E., & Ebrahimi, M. (2021) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00768-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ishola, I. O., Tota, S., Adeyemi, O. O., Agbaje, E. O., Narender, T., & Shukla, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Lagos (NG)
- Central Drug Research Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Shukla, Rakesh
- Venue
- Pharmaceutical Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-04-29
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 825-835
- ISSN
- 0925-1618 (ISSN-L)
- 1388-0209
- 1744-5116
- OpenAlex
- W2073697627
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pharmaceutical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Cnestis ferruginea, amentoflavone, scopolamine-induced amnesia, memory impairment, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, cholinergic system, Alzheimer's disease, Connaraceae, African traditional medicine, tacrine
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholinesterase, Administration, Oral, Animals, Antioxidants, Avoidance Learning, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Disease Models, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Male, Memory Disorders, Plant Extracts, Scopolamine, Tacrine, Medicine, African Traditional, Oxidative Stress, Maze Learning, Connaraceae, Biflavonoids, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
