An overview of apoptosis assays detecting DNA fragmentation
Open accessAbstract
Apoptosis has been recognized as a type of programmed cell death connected with characteristic morphological and biochemical changes in cells. This programmed cell death plays an important role in the genesis of a number of physiological and pathological processes. Thus, it can be very important to detect the signs of apoptosis in a study of cellular metabolism. The present paper provides an overview of methods often being used for detecting DNA fragmentation as one of the most specific findings in apoptosis. To date, three routine assays have been developed for detecting DNA fragmentation: DNA ladder assay, TUNEL assay, and comet assay. All these methods differ in their principles for detecting DNA fragmentation. DNA ladder assay detects the characteristic "DNA ladder" pattern formed during internucleosomal cleavage of DNA. Terminal deoxynUcleotidyl transferase Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay detects DNA strand breaks using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase catalyzing attachment of modified deoxynucleotides on the DNA strand breaks. Comet assay can be used for detecting nucleus breakdown producing single/double-strand DNA breaks. The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge on these three methods, including optimized approaches, techniques, and limitations.
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DNA fragmentation is one of the most specific findings in apoptosis.
“DNA fragmentation is one of the most specific findings in apoptosis [58].”
From Bioprophylactic potential of novel human colostrum probiotics via apoptotic induction of colon cancer cells and cell immune activation (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
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Srikham, K., & Thirabunyanon, M. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112871 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Majtnerová, P., & Roušar, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Pardubice (CZ)
- Corresponding author
- Majtnerová, Pavlína
- Roušar, Tomáš
- ORCID
- Roušar, Tomáš
- Venue
- Molecular Biology Reports
- Published
- 2018-07-18
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1469-1478
- ISSN
- 0301-4851 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-4978
- OpenAlex
- W2884987394
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Molecular Biology Reports (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digitální knihovna Univerzity Pardubice (Univerzity Pardubice) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, TUNEL, comet assay, internucleosomal DNA cleavage, DNA strand breaks, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, programmed cell death
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Assay, DNA, Humans, Apoptosis, In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Comet Assay, DNA Fragmentation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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