The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Testing the Participation Hypothesis: Evidence from Participatory Budgeting
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2454 · Cited by 28,789
Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics
VERBA, S., SCHLOZMAN, K. L., & BRADY, H. E. (1995) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1pnc1k7 · Cited by 6,626
Participation and Democratic Theory
Pateman, C. (1970) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511720444 · Cited by 6,159
Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward
Stuart, E. A. (2010) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/09-sts313 · Cited by 5,478
Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-3597 · Cited by 5,186
Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion
Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2008) · doi:10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72 · Cited by 5,051
Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age
Bostaph, S., & Barber, B. R. (1985) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1059650 · Cited by 4,000
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
Galston, W. A. (2001) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.1035 · Cited by 3,897
Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching
Iacus, S. M., King, G., & Porro, G. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr013 · Cited by 3,563
Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It Worth the Effort?
Irvin, R. A., & Stansbury, J. (2004) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00346.x · Cited by 1,941
A Typology of Public Engagement Mechanisms
Rowe, G., & Frewer, L. J. (2005) · Science, Technology, & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243904271724 · Cited by 1,854
Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited
Norris, P. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511973383 · Cited by 1,774
Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945
Franklin, M. N., Eijk, C. V. D., Evans, D., Fotos, M., Hirczy de Mino, W., Marsh, M., & Wessels, B. (2004) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511616884 · Cited by 1,421
Stealth Democracy: Americans' Beliefs About How Government Should Work
Hibbing, J. R., & Theiss-Morse, E. (2002) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613722 · Cited by 1,349
Social Pressure and Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment
GERBER, A. S., GREEN, D. P., & LARIMER, C. W. (2008) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305540808009x · Cited by 1,345
Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life
Eliasoph, N. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511583391 · Cited by 1,327
Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited
Norris, P. (2011) · Cited by 1,276
Becoming a Habitual Voter: Inertia, Resources, and Growth in Young Adulthood
PLUTZER, E. (2002) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055402004227 · Cited by 1,066
Avoiding politics: how Americans produce apathy in everyday life
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-3606 · Cited by 971
Participatory Democracy Revisited
Pateman, C. (2012) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592711004877 · Cited by 920
Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research
Geys, B. (2006) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2005.09.002 · Cited by 860
Reciprocal Effects of Participation and Political Efficacy: A Panel Analysis
Finkel, S. E. (1985) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111186 · Cited by 802
Stealth democracy: Americans' beliefs about how government should work
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4901 · Cited by 740
Voting May Be Habit‐Forming: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment
Gerber, A. S., Green, D. P., & Shachar, R. (2003) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00038 · Cited by 717
Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy
Cabannes, Y. (2004) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/095624780401600104 · Cited by 577
Closeness, Expenditures, and Turnout in the 1982 U.S. House Elections
Cox, G. W., & Munger, M. C. (1989) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1956441 · Cited by 542
The Decline of Electoral Participation in America
Abramson, P. R., & Aldrich, J. H. (1982) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055400188379 · Cited by 523
Strong democracy : participatory politics for a new age
Barber, B. R. (2003) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 505
Explaining voter turnout: A meta-analysis of national and subnational elections
Cancela, J., & Geys, B. (2016) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.03.005 · Cited by 452
Participatory Budgeting as if Emancipation Mattered
Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. (2014) · Politics & Society · doi:10.1177/0032329213512978 · Cited by 431
Improving Social Well-Being Through New Democratic Institutions
Touchton, M., & Wampler, B. (2014) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414013512601 · Cited by 421
Validation: What Big Data Reveal About Survey Misreporting and the Real Electorate
Ansolabehere, S., & Hersh, E. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mps023 · Cited by 416
Reconsidering the Effects of Education on Political Participation
Kam, C. D., & Palmer, C. L. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080651 · Cited by 410
Democracy at risk: how political choices undermine citizen participation and what we can do about it
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-4944 · Cited by 391
The Effects of Participatory Budgeting on Municipal Expenditures and Infant Mortality in Brazil
Gonçalves, S. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.009 · Cited by 342
Using Experiments to Estimate the Effects of Education on Voter Turnout
Sondheimer, R. M., & Green, D. P. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00425.x · Cited by 339
The Mobilizing Effect of Majority–Minority Districts on Latino Turnout
BARRETO, M. A., SEGURA, G. M., & WOODS, N. D. (2004) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055404001005 · Cited by 327
A Hierarchical Model of Attitude Constraint
Peffley, M. A., & Hurwitz, J. (1985) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111185 · Cited by 327
Bootstrapping democracy: transforming local governance and civil society in Brazil
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-3487 · Cited by 325
Nabatchi, T. (2010) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074009356467 · Cited by 321
Increasing Political Sophistication Through Public Deliberation
Gastil, J., & Dillard, J. P. (1999) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/105846099198749 · Cited by 317
Deliberation, Democratic Decision-Making and Internal Political Efficacy
Morrell, M. E. (2005) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-005-3076-7 · Cited by 312
The impact of scandal on candidate evaluations: An experimental test of the role of candidate traits
Funk, C. L. (1996) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01498658 · Cited by 301
Public Participation for 21st Century Democracy
(2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119154815 · Cited by 298
Talking Together: Public Deliberation and Political Participation in America
Jacobs, L. R., Cook, F. L., & Carpini, M. X. D. (2009) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226389899.001.0001 · Cited by 289
Direct Public Engagement in Local Government
Nabatchi, T., & Amsler, L. B. (2014) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074013519702 · Cited by 274
Ezrow, L. (2005) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 245
Talking Together: Public Deliberation and Political Participation in America
(2010) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306110361590i · Cited by 214
Emergent Public Spheres: Talking Politics in Participatory Governance
Baiocchi, G. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3088902 · Cited by 207
When Does Participatory Democracy Deepen the Quality of Democracy? Lessons from Brazil
Wampler, B. (2008) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.5129/001041508x12911362383679 · Cited by 205
Blais, A., & Achen, C. H. (2018) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9459-3 · Cited by 200
Comparative Effectiveness of Matching Methods for Causal Inference
King, G., Nielsen, R. A., Coberley, C. R., Pope, J. E., & Wells, A. R. (2011) · Cited by 181
Habitual Voting and Behavioral Turnout
Fowler, J. H. (2006) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00410.x · Cited by 181
Does Education Increase Political Participation?
Mayer, A. K. (2011) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s002238161100034x · Cited by 174
The jury and democracy: how jury deliberation promotes civic engagement and political participation
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5966 · Cited by 172
Candidates or Districts? Reevaluating the Role of Race in Voter Turnout
Fraga, B. L. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12172 · Cited by 172
The Effect of Education on Voter Turnout
Tenn, S. (2007) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpm012 · Cited by 172
Gastil, J., & Xenos, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01484.x · Cited by 167
Talpin, J. D. (2011) · Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute) · Cited by 146
The Downsian voter meets the ecological fallacy
Matsusaka, J. G., & Palda, F. (1993) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/bf01047999 · Cited by 146
Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America
Mattson, G. A. (2017) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.1002/polq.12603 · Cited by 123
Does Voting History Matter? Analysing Persistence in Turnout
Denny, K., & Doyle, O. (2009) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00355.x · Cited by 119
The Primacy of Race in the Geography of Income‐Based Voting: New Evidence from Public Voting Records
Hersh, E. D., & Nall, C. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12179 · Cited by 101
Redistricting and the Causal Impact of Race on Voter Turnout
Fraga, B. L. (2015) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/683601 · Cited by 86
Does Workplace Experience Enhance Political Participation? A Critical Test of a Venerable Hypothesis
Adman, P. (2007) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9040-y · Cited by 84
Entering the State: Civil Society Activism and Participatory Governance in Brazil
Wampler, B. (2011) · Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00912.x · Cited by 78
Participatory Budgeting: Spreading Across the Globe
Wampler, B., McNulty, S. L., & Touchton, M. M. (2017) · Cited by 72
Public Participation for 21st Century Democracy
Nabatchi, T., & Leighninger, M. (2015) · Cited by 71
From Porto Alegre to New York City: Participatory Budgeting and Democracy
Su, C. (2017) · New Political Science · doi:10.1080/07393148.2017.1278854 · Cited by 65
Jury Service and Electoral Participation: A Test of the Participation Hypothesis
Gastil, J., Deess, E. P., Weiser, P., & Meade, J. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080353 · Cited by 53
Deliberative Democracy and Citizenship: In Search of the Efficacy Effect
Nabatchi, T. (2010) · Journal of Deliberative Democracy · doi:10.16997/jdd.109 · Cited by 46
Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America
Gilman, H. R. (2016) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 37
Camicia, S. P. (2010) · Journal of Deliberative Democracy · doi:10.16997/jdd.112 · Cited by 34
Who learns what in participatory democracy?: Participatory Budgeting in Rosario, Argentina
Lerner, J., & Schugurensky, D. (2007) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789087903398_009 · Cited by 27
Mobilizing mini-publics: The causal impact of deliberation on civic engagement using panel data
Boulianne, S., Chen, K., & Kahane, D. (2020) · Politics · doi:10.1177/0263395720902982 · Cited by 23
Myers, C. D., Gordon, H. G., Kim, H. M., Rowe, Z. E., & Goold, S. D. (2018) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9507-z · Cited by 19
Public Spending, By The People: Participatory Budgeting in the United States and Canada in 2014-15
Hagelskamp, C., Rinehart, C., Schleifer, D., & Silliman, R. A. (2016) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 17
Engaging Democracy: An Institutional Theory of Participatory Budgeting
Johnson, C. (2017) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe Participatory Turn: Participatory Budgeting Comes to America
Gilman, H. R. (2012) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Finkel, S. E. (1985b). Reciprocal effects of participation and political efficacy: A panel analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 29(4), 871. · DOI · Paper page
- Fung, A., & Wright, E. O. (2003). Thinking About Empowered Participatory Governance. In A. Fung & E. O. Wright (Eds.), Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, no. 4 in The Real Utopias Project, Verso (pp. 3–44).
- Mansbridge, J. (1995). Does participation make better citizens? The Good Society, 5(2), 4–7.
- Mansbridge, J. (1999). On the idea that participation makes better citizens. In: Stephen L. Elkin & K. E. Sołtan (Eds.), Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Cited by
Participatory Budgeting for Social Equity: A Comparative Analysis
Taylor, C. R., Afshan, S., & Lawrence, K. L. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13055 · Cited by 18
“Similarly, another study of New York City's PB program provides evidence that PB increases civic engagement in other activities, such as voting in elections (C. Johnson et al. 2021).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, C., Carlson, H. J., & Reynolds, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Carolina
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2021-02-25
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-32
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W3135429651
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 19.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Politics and Society in Latin America
- Keywords
- participatory budgeting, voter turnout, citizen participation, New York City, racial and ethnic minorities, youth voter turnout, income and education effects, coarsened exact matching
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.