Cited by 185Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

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Brain regulation of energy balance and body weight

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Rui, Liangyou·2013·Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

DOI 10.1007/s11154-013-9261-9PMC PMC3817823

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Abstract

Body weight is determined by a balance between food intake and energy expenditure. Multiple neural circuits in the brain have evolved to process information about food, food-related cues and food consumption to control feeding behavior. Numerous gastrointestinal endocrine cells produce and secrete satiety hormones in response to food consumption and digestion. These hormones suppress hunger and promote satiation and satiety mainly through hindbrain circuits, thus governing meal-by-meal eating behavior. In contrast, the hypothalamus integrates adiposity signals to regulate long-term energy balance and body weight. Distinct hypothalamic areas and various orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons have been identified to homeostatically regulate food intake. The hypothalamic circuits regulate food intake in part by modulating the sensitivity of the hindbrain to short-term satiety hormones. The hedonic and incentive properties of foods and food-related cues are processed by the corticolimbic reward circuits. The mesolimbic dopamine system encodes subjective "liking" and "wanting" of palatable foods, which is subjected to modulation by the hindbrain and the hypothalamic homeostatic circuits and by satiety and adiposity hormones. Satiety and adiposity hormones also promote energy expenditure by stimulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. They stimulate BAT thermogenesis mainly by increasing the sympathetic outflow to BAT. Many defects in satiety and/or adiposity hormone signaling and in the hindbrain and the hypothalamic circuits have been described and are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of energy imbalance and obesity.

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Authors: Rui, L.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Rui, Liangyou
ORCID: Rui, Liangyou
Venue: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-08-30
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 387-407
ISSN: 1389-9155 (ISSN-L)
1573-2606
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9261-9
PMC: PMC3817823
OpenAlex: W2090476959
Cited by: 168
References: 293
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 1.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01dk094014-04)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK091591, R01 DK-094014, R01DK065122, P30DK020572)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: energy balance, body weight regulation, feeding behavior, satiety hormones, hypothalamus, adiposity signals, mesolimbic dopamine system, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, sympathetic outflow, obesity pathogenesis, energy imbalance
MeSH terms: Appetite Regulation, Body Weight, Brain, Energy Metabolism, Homeostasis, Humans, Nerve Net, Satiety Response

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Brain regulation of energy balance and body weight

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