Cited by 185Regulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

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Brain regulation of energy balance and body weight

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Rui, Liangyou·2013·Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

DOI 10.1007/s11154-013-9261-9PMC PMC3817823

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Abstract

Body weight is determined by a balance between food intake and energy expenditure. Multiple neural circuits in the brain have evolved to process information about food, food-related cues and food consumption to control feeding behavior. Numerous gastrointestinal endocrine cells produce and secrete satiety hormones in response to food consumption and digestion. These hormones suppress hunger and promote satiation and satiety mainly through hindbrain circuits, thus governing meal-by-meal eating behavior. In contrast, the hypothalamus integrates adiposity signals to regulate long-term energy balance and body weight. Distinct hypothalamic areas and various orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons have been identified to homeostatically regulate food intake. The hypothalamic circuits regulate food intake in part by modulating the sensitivity of the hindbrain to short-term satiety hormones. The hedonic and incentive properties of foods and food-related cues are processed by the corticolimbic reward circuits. The mesolimbic dopamine system encodes subjective "liking" and "wanting" of palatable foods, which is subjected to modulation by the hindbrain and the hypothalamic homeostatic circuits and by satiety and adiposity hormones. Satiety and adiposity hormones also promote energy expenditure by stimulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. They stimulate BAT thermogenesis mainly by increasing the sympathetic outflow to BAT. Many defects in satiety and/or adiposity hormone signaling and in the hindbrain and the hypothalamic circuits have been described and are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of energy imbalance and obesity.

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Background
Leptin Acts via Leptin Receptor-Expressing Lateral Hypothalamic Neurons to Modulate the Mesolimbic Dopamine System and Suppress Feeding
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Autophagy in Hypothalamic AgRP Neurons Regulates Food Intake and Energy Balance
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5-HT2CRs Expressed by Pro-Opiomelanocortin Neurons Regulate Energy Homeostasis
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A portrait of the substrate for self-stimulation.
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The TRH neuron: a hypothalamic integrator of energy metabolism
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Remodeling of the arcuate nucleus energy-balance circuit is inhibited in obese mice
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Evidence that paraventricular nucleus oxytocin neurons link hypothalamic leptin action to caudal brain stem nuclei controlling meal size
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Identical "Feeding" and "Rewarding" Systems in the Lateral Hypothalamus of Rats
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Enhanced PIP3 signaling in POMC neurons causes KATP channel activation and leads to diet-sensitive obesity
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The neurobiology of food intake in an obesogenic environment
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Leptin Action in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Increases Sympathetic Tone to Brown Adipose Tissue in Spite of Systemic Leptin Resistance
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Nesfatin-1-Regulated Oxytocinergic Signaling in the Paraventricular Nucleus Causes Anorexia through a Leptin-Independent Melanocortin Pathway
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“Additionally, the A2/C2 CA neurons in the NTS also directly project to the CRH and TRH neurons in the hypothalamus and stimulate CRH and TRH neuronal activity [39].”
Background
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is contained in nerve terminals innervating thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression
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Topographic mapping of VMH → arcuate nucleus microcircuits and their reorganization by fasting
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Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system
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The dorsomedial hypothalamus: a new player in thermoregulation
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Disordered food intake and obesity in rats lacking cholecystokinin A receptors
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Hierarchical Control of Dopamine Neuron-Firing Patterns by Nicotinic Receptors
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Fasting Activation of AgRP Neurons Requires NMDA Receptors and Involves Spinogenesis and Increased Excitatory Tone
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A central thermogenic-like mechanism in feeding regulation: an interplay between arcuate nucleus T3 and UCP2
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Identification of Sympathetic Premotor Neurons in Medullary Raphe Regions Mediating Fever and Other Thermoregulatory Functions
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Knockout Mice Lacking Steroidogenic Factor 1 Are a Novel Genetic Model of Hypothalamic Obesity
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Peroxisome proliferation–associated control of reactive oxygen species sets melanocortin tone and feeding in diet-induced obesity
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The lighter side of BDNF
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis in the regulation of energy balance
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Arcuate NPY Controls Sympathetic Output and BAT Function via a Relay of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Neurons in the PVN
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“AgRP neurons inhibit sympathetic outflow to BAT at least in part by releasing NPY which inhibits the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the PVH via Y1 receptors [204].”
Background
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptors in Nucleus Accumbens Affect Food Intake
Dossat, A. M., Lilly, N., Kay, K. E., & Williams, D. L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3262-11.2011 · Cited by 258
BDNF and glucocorticoids regulate corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) homeostasis in the hypothalamus
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“VMH neurons express anorexigenic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (53, 107-112), and BDNF receptor TrkB is widely expressed in the hypothalamus, including the PVH (107-109, 113, 114).”
Background
Insulin induces long-term depression of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons via endocannabinoids
Labouèbe, G., Liu, S., Dias, C., Zou, H., Wong, J. C. Y., Karunakaran, S., Clee, S. M., Phillips, A. G., Boutrel, B., & Borgland, S. L. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3321 · Cited by 249
Orexin Signaling in the Ventral Tegmental Area Is Required for High-Fat Appetite Induced by Opioid Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens
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Endogenous Leptin Signaling in the Caudal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius and Area Postrema Is Required for Energy Balance Regulation
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Fgf10-Expressing Tanycytes Add New Neurons to the Appetite/Energy-Balance Regulating Centers of the Postnatal and Adult Hypothalamus
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The role of insulin receptor substrate 2 in hypothalamic and β cell function
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Suprachiasmatic GABAergic inputs to the paraventricular nucleus control plasma glucose concentrations in the rat via sympathetic innervation of the liver
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Rapamycin ameliorates age-dependent obesity associated with increased mTOR signaling in hypothalamic POMC neurons
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Obesity and Appetite Control
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Leptin-Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus and Median Preoptic Area Regulate Sympathetic Brown Adipose Tissue Circuits
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Direct Control of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis by Central Nervous System Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling
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Identification and characterization of a second melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-2R
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Vagal afferent and efferent contributions to the inhibition of food intake by cholecystokinin
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Intracellular Signals Mediating the Food Intake-Suppressive Effects of Hindbrain Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Activation
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Inhibition of Hypothalamic Inflammation Reverses Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in the Liver
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An orexinergic projection from perifornical hypothalamus to raphe pallidus increases rat brown adipose tissue thermogenesis
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Identification of SH2-B as a key regulator of leptin sensitivity, energy balance, and body weight in mice
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Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of MCH2, a Novel Human MCH Receptor
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Replication and extension of genome-wide association study results for obesity in 4923 adults from northern Sweden
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De Novo Neurogenesis in Adult Hypothalamus as a Compensatory Mechanism to Regulate Energy Balance
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Physiological Properties of Hypothalamic MCH Neurons Identified with Selective Expression of Reporter Gene after Recombinant Virus Infection
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Acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction differentially affect hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression
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Steroidogenic factor 1 directs programs regulating diet-induced thermogenesis and leptin action in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus
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Obesity and mild hyperinsulinemia found in neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor-deficient mice
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Melanocortin 4 Receptors Reciprocally Regulate Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
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GABAergic RIP-Cre Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus Selectively Regulate Energy Expenditure
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Leptin activates hypothalamic acetyl-CoA carboxylase to inhibit food intake
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Knockdown of NPY Expression in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Promotes Development of Brown Adipocytes and Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity
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Loss of autophagy in hypothalamic POMC neurons impairs lipolysis
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Authors: Rui, L.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Rui, Liangyou
ORCID: Rui, Liangyou
Venue: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-08-30
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 387-407
ISSN: 1389-9155 (ISSN-L)
1573-2606
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9261-9
PMC: PMC3817823
OpenAlex: W2090476959
Cited by: 168
References: 293
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 1.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01dk094014-04)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK091591, R01 DK-094014, R01DK065122, P30DK020572)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: energy balance, body weight regulation, feeding behavior, satiety hormones, hypothalamus, adiposity signals, mesolimbic dopamine system, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, sympathetic outflow, obesity pathogenesis, energy imbalance
MeSH terms: Appetite Regulation, Body Weight, Brain, Energy Metabolism, Homeostasis, Humans, Nerve Net, Satiety Response

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Brain regulation of energy balance and body weight

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