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Cited by 2,912Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and AnimalsGenetics and Physical Performance

Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index

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MAGIC, Speliotes, Elizabeth K, on behalf of Procardis Consortium, Willer, Cristen J, Berndt, Sonja I, Monda, Keri L, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Jackson, Anne U +369 more·2010·Nature Genetics
DOI 10.1038/ng.686PMC PMC3014648
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Abstract

Obesity is globally prevalent and highly heritable, but its underlying genetic factors remain largely elusive. To identify genetic loci for obesity susceptibility, we examined associations between body mass index and ∼ 2.8 million SNPs in up to 123,865 individuals with targeted follow up of 42 SNPs in up to 125,931 additional individuals. We confirmed 14 known obesity susceptibility loci and identified 18 new loci associated with body mass index (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸), one of which includes a copy number variant near GPRC5B. Some loci (at MC4R, POMC, SH2B1 and BDNF) map near key hypothalamic regulators of energy balance, and one of these loci is near GIPR, an incretin receptor. Furthermore, genes in other newly associated loci may provide new insights into human body weight regulation.

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Crossref · 10.1038/ng.686

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  • Strong genetic evidence such as GWAS has identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Japanese, European and North American populations showing that lower expression or function of GIPR is associated with lower BMI.

    “Strong genetic evidence such as GWAS has identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Japanese, European and North American populations showing that lower expression or function of GIPR is associated with lower BMI27,29,38”

    From A GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues promotes weight loss with improved metabolic parameters in preclinical and phase 1 settings (2024) · cites this paper as [29]

    The Results (Potential functional roles and pathways analyses; page unavailable) report a BMI-associated variant near GIPR, supporting the GWAS association. They do not establish that lower GIPR expression or function is associated with lower BMI. The copy describes participants of European ancestry, not evidence spanning Japanese, European, and North American populations. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Together, the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials confirm that tirzepatide's safety matches GLP-1R agonists and that its efficacy is enhanced at maximum doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg.

    “Combined, the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials have verified the safety of tirzepatide to be consistent with GLP-1R agonists, along with its enhanced efficacy at maximal doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg (Table 1)132-136,143,145-147”

    From Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs (2024) · cites this paper as [143]

    The Results sections on GIPR and BMI-associated loci discuss genetic associations and possible links to body-weight regulation, not tirzepatide trials. Searches for SURPASS, SURMOUNT, tirzepatide, GLP-1R agonist comparisons, and the stated doses found no passage addressing the claimed safety or efficacy results. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In a similar-duration study of subjects with obesity and T2D, tirzepatide lowered body weight by 14.7% versus 3.2% with placebo.

    “Similarly, in a study with comparable treatment duration, albeit in subjects with obesity and T2D, tirzepatide reduced body weight by −14.7%, relative to −3.2% in placebo controls143.”

    From Transforming obesity: The advancement of multi-receptor drugs (2024) · cites this paper as [143]

    The Results sections discuss genetic loci associated with BMI and the possible role of GIPR in weight regulation; no passage reports a tirzepatide treatment study. Searches for tirzepatide, placebo, and the 14.7% and 3.2% weight-loss figures found no matching result in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • VLDLR is a receptor for lipoproteins containing APOE and CLU/APOJ.

    “VLDLR is a receptor for lipoproteins containing APOE38 and CLU/APOJ39, another AD risk gene.”

    From A common haplotype lowers PU.1 expression in myeloid cells and delays onset of Alzheimer's disease (2017) · cites this paper as [39]

    The Results sections on functional variants and pathways discuss BMI-associated genes and other receptors, but do not describe VLDLR as a receptor for APOE- or CLU/APOJ-containing lipoproteins. Searches for VLDLR, CLU/APOJ, and related receptor terms found no passage addressing that relationship; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • For the IQCK signal, IQCK was ranked top, although four of the other 11 genes in the locus have a priority rank ≥ 4, including KNOP1 and GPRC5B.

    “For the IQCK signal, which is also an obesity locus70,71, IQCK, a relatively uncharacterized gene, was ranked top, although four of the other 11 genes in the locus have a priority rank ≥ 4, including KNOP1 and GPRC5B”

    From Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing (2019) · cites this paper as [71]

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Authors
MAGIC, Speliotes, E. K., on behalf of Procardis Consortium, Willer, C. J., Berndt, S. I., Monda, K. L., Thorleifsson, G., Jackson, A. U., Allen, H. L., Lindgren, C. M., Luan, J., Mägi, R., Randall, J. C., Vedantam, S., Winkler, T. W., Qi, L., Workalemahu, T., Heid, I. M., Steinthorsdottir, V., Stringham, H. M., Weedon, M. N., Wheeler, E., Wood, A. R., Ferreira, T., Weyant, R. J., Segrè, A. V., Estrada, K., Liang, L., Nemesh, J., Park, J.-H., Gustafsson, S., Kilpeläinen, T. O., Yang, J., Bouatia-Naji, N., Esko, T., Feitosa, M. F., Kutalik, Z., Mangino, M., Raychaudhuri, S., Scherag, A., Smith, A. V., Welch, R., Zhao, J. H., Aben, K. K., Absher, D. M., Amin, N., Dixon, A. L., Fisher, E., Glazer, N. L., Goddard, M. E., Heard-Costa, N. L., Hoesel, V., Hottenga, J.-J., Johansson, Å., Johnson, T., Ketkar, S., Lamina, C., Li, S., Moffatt, M. F., Myers, R. H., Narisu, N., Perry, J. R. B., Peters, M. J., Preuss, M., Ripatti, S., Rivadeneira, F., Sandholt, C., Scott, L. J., Timpson, N. J., Tyrer, J. P., van Wingerden, S., Watanabe, R. M., White, C. C., Wiklund, F., Barlassina, C., Chasman, D. I., Cooper, M. N., Jansson, J.-O., Lawrence, R. W., Pellikka, N., Prokopenko, I., Shi, J., Thiering, E., Alavere, H., Alibrandi, M. T. S., Almgren, P., Arnold, A. M., Aspelund, T., Atwood, L. D., Balkau, B., Balmforth, A. J., Bennett, A. J., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Bergman, R. N., Bergmann, S., Biebermann, H., Blakemore, A. I. F., Boes, T., Bonnycastle, L. L., Bornstein, S. R., Brown, M. J., Buchanan, T. A., Busonero, F., Campbell, H., Cappuccio, F. P., Cavalcanti-Proença, C., Chen, Y.-D. I., Chen, C.-M., Chines, P. S., Clarke, R., Coin, L., Connell, J., Day, I. N. M., Heijer, M. D., Duan, J., Ebrahim, S., Elliott, P., Elosua, R., Eiriksdottir, G., Erdos, M. R., Eriksson, J. G., Facheris, M. F., Felix, S. B., Fischer-Posovszky, P., Folsom, A. R., Friedrich, N., Freimer, N. B., Fu, M., Gaget, S., Gejman, P. V., Geus, E. J. C., Gieger, C., Gjesing, A. P., Goel, A., Goyette, P., Grallert, H., Gräßler, J., Greenawalt, D. M., Groves, C. J., Gudnason, V., Guiducci, C., Hartikainen, A.-L., Hassanali, N., Hall, A. S., Havulinna, A. S., Hayward, C., Heath, A. C., Hengstenberg, C., Hicks, A. A., Hinney, A., Hofman, A., Homuth, G., Hui, J., Igl, W., Iribarren, C., Isomaa, B., Jacobs, K. B., Jarick, I., Jewell, E., John, U., Jørgensen, T., Jousilahti, P., Jula, A., Kaakinen, M., Kajantie, E., Kaplan, L. M., Kathiresan, S., Kettunen, J., Kinnunen, L., Knowles, J. W., Kolcic, I., König, I. R., Koskinen, S., Kovacs, P., Kuusisto, J., Kraft, P., Kvaløy, K., Laitinen, J., Lantieri, O., Lanzani, C., Launer, L. J., Lecoeur, C., Lehtimäki, T., Lettre, G., Liu, J., Lokki, M.-L., Lorentzon, M., Luben, R. N., Ludwig, B., Manunta, P., Marek, D., Marre, M., Martin, N. G., McArdle, W. L., McCarthy, A., McKnight, B., Meitinger, T., Melander, O., Meyre, D., Midthjell, K., Montgomery, G. W., Morken, M. A., Morris, A. P., Mulic, R., Ngwa, J. S., Nelis, M., Neville, M. J., Nyholt, D. R., O'Donnell, C. J., O'Rahilly, S., Ong, K. K., Oostra, B., Paré, G., Parker, A. N., Perola, M., Pichler, I., Pietiläinen, K. H., Platou, C. G. P., Polasek, O., Pouta, A., Rafelt, S., Raitakari, O., Rayner, N. W., Ridderstråle, M., Rief, W., Ruokonen, A., Robertson, N. R., Rzehak, P., Salomaa, V., Sanders, A. R., Sandhu, M. S., Sanna, S., Saramies, J., Savolainen, M. J., Scherag, S., Schipf, S., Schreiber, S., Schunkert, H., Silander, K., Sinisalo, J., Siscovick, D. S., Smit, J. H., Soranzo, N., Sovio, U., Stephens, J., Surakka, I., Swift, A. J., Tammesoo, M.-L., Tardif, J.-C., Teder-Laving, M., Teslovich, T. M., Thompson, J. R., Thomson, B., Tönjes, A., Tuomi, T., van Meurs, J. B. J., van Ommen, G.-J., Vatin, V., Viikari, J., Visvikis-Siest, S., Vitart, V., Vogel, C. I. G., Voight, B. F., Waite, L. L., Wallaschofski, H., Walters, G. B., Widen, E., Wiegand, S., Wild, S. H., Willemsen, G., Witte, D. R., Witteman, J. C., Xu, J., Zhang, Q., Zgaga, L., Ziegler, A., Zitting, P., Beilby, J. P., Farooqi, I. S., Hebebrand, J., Huikuri, H. V., James, A. L., Kähönen, M., Levinson, D. F., Macciardi, F., Nieminen, M. S., Ohlsson, C., Palmer, L. J., Ridker, P. M., Stumvoll, M., Beckmann, J. S., Boeing, H., Boerwinkle, E., Boomsma, D. I., Caulfield, M. J., Chanock, S. J., Collins, F. S., Cupples, L. A., Smith, G. D., Erdmann, J., Froguel, P., Grönberg, H., Gyllensten, U., Hall, P., Hansen, T., Harris, T. B., Hattersley, A. T., Hayes, R. B., Heinrich, J., Hu, F. B., Hveem, K., Illig, T., Jarvelin, M.-R., Kaprio, J., Karpe, F., Khaw, K.-T., Kiemeney, L. A., Krude, H., Laakso, M., Lawlor, D. A., Metspalu, A., Munroe, P. B., Ouwehand, W. H., Pedersen, O., Penninx, B. W., Peters, A., Pramstaller, P. P., Quertermous, T., Reinehr, T., Rissanen, A., Rudan, I., Samani, N. J., Schwarz, P. E. H., Shuldiner, A. R., Spector, T. D., Tuomilehto, J., Uda, M., Uitterlinden, A., Valle, T. T., Wabitsch, M., Waeber, G., Wareham, N. J., Watkins, H., Wilson, J. F., Wright, A. F., Zillikens, M. C., Chatterjee, N., McCarroll, S. A., Purcell, S., Schadt, E. E., Visscher, P. M., Assimes, T. L., Borecki, I. B., Deloukas, P., Fox, C. S., Groop, L. C., Haritunians, T., Hunter, D. J., Kaplan, R. C., Mohlke, K. L., O'Connell, J. R., Peltonen, L., Schlessinger, D., Strachan, D. P., van Duijn, C. M., Wichmann, H.-E., Frayling, T. M., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Abecasis, G. R., Barroso, I., Boehnke, M., Stefansson, K., North, K. E., I McCarthy, M., Hirschhorn, J. N., Ingelsson, E., & Loos, R. J. F.
Affiliations
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • University of Exeter (GB)
  • Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
  • University of Iceland (IS)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • Addenbrooke's Hospital (GB)
  • Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (NL)
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
  • University of Washington (US)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Boston University (US)
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • University of London (GB)
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  • University of Milan (IT)
  • The University of Western Australia (AU)
  • Helmholtz Munich (DE)
  • Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
  • Lund University (SE)
  • Université Paris-Sud (FR)
  • University of Leeds (GB)
  • University of Bristol (GB)
  • University of Southern California (US)
  • Imperial College London (GB)
  • Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
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  • Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
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  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
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  • Amgen (United States) (US)
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  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
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  • Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
  • St George's, University of London (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Nature Genetics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2010-10-10
Volume
42
Issue
11
Pages
937-948
ISSN
  • 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
  • 1546-1718
DOI
10.1038/ng.686
PMC
PMC3014648
OpenAlex
W2147311167
Cited by
2,912
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 42 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 162 · 2017: 234 · 2016: 239 · 2015: 301 · 2014: 290 · 2013: 323 · 2012: 293
FWCI
143.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
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Funders
  • National Science Foundation (FP7/2007-2013, 33CSCO-122661)
  • Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
  • Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
  • Amgen
  • AstraZeneca
  • GlaxoSmithKline (33CSCO-122661)
  • Hjerteforeningen
  • Foundation for Cardiovascular Research
  • Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri
  • Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
  • Jalmari ja Rauha Ahokkaan Säätiö
  • Finska Läkaresällskapet
  • Wellcome Trust (FP7/2007–2013, 072960/Z/03/Z, 083270, G0000934, 081682, 075491/Z/04/Z, 064890, 086596, 077016, 079557, 068545, 085301, 079895, 090532, 076113)
  • Scottish Government
  • Cancer Research UK (FP7/2007-2013)
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (96,97, NF-SI-0508-10212, FP7/2007–2013)
  • British Heart Foundation (LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG2-CT-2002-01254, PG/02/128)
  • Diabetes UK
  • European Commission (QLG2-CT-2002-01254, 245536, 213506, 018947, SOC 95201408 05F02, 2007–2013, G0500539, 01ZZ0103, 130326, FP7 2007-2013, 129306, 201550, LSHM-CT-2007–037273, 129255, 201413, 205419, FP7/2007, 01ZZ0403, 01254, 93,94, 03ZIK012, QLG1‐CT‐2000‐01643, 127437, SOC 95201408, 01ZZ9603, 126775, 05F02, 212111, LSHG-CT-2006-018947)
  • Healthway
  • Agency for Science, Technology and Research
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO-152, 01ZZ0403, HE 1446/4-1, FP7/2007–2013, 01ZZ9603, 03ZIK012, 01ZZ0103)
  • Fondation Leducq
  • Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (116323, 121584, FP7/2007-2013, 127437, 20270, 112552, 10404, 130326, 122661, 33CSCO, 205419, 3100AO-116323/1, 201413, 129494, 124243, 212111, 114382, 129306, 120315, 310000, G0500539)
  • Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
  • Kela
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GS0825, 01GI0826, 01GS0830, 01GS0823, 01GS0824, 01GS0820, 03ZIK012, 01ZZ0403, 01GI0823, 01KU0903, 01GP0259, 01GS0831, 01GP0209, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ9603)
  • Cancerfonden
  • Technische Universität Dresden
  • Erasmus Medisch Centrum (014-93-015)
  • Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (400‐05‐717, 904-61-193, 904-61-090, 480-04-004)
  • Lundbeckfonden
  • Biomedicum Helsinki-säätiö
  • Hjärt-Lungfonden
  • Juho Vainion Säätiö
  • Karolinska Institutet
  • Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
  • Novo Nordisk
  • Päivikki ja Sakari Sohlbergin Säätiö
  • Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
  • Stockholms Läns Landsting (560183)
  • Vetenskapsrådet (FP7/2007-2013, 2006‐3832)
  • Augustinus Fonden
  • Sydäntutkimussäätiö (121584, 127437, 129306, 126925, 130326)
  • Göteborgs Läkaresällskap
  • Lastentautien Tutkimussäätiö
  • Oulun Yliopisto (75617, 129269, FP7/2007-2013)
  • Fondation Leenaards
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  • Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
  • Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology
  • Fondation Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
  • Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
  • Hjartavernd
  • H. Lundbeck A/S
  • Diabetestutkimussäätiö
  • Centre for Medical Systems Biology
  • Diabetesforeningen
  • National Institutes of Health (n01hc085082-026, n01hc085081-021, 5r01dk068336-03, n01hc045133-001, n01ag12100-57-0-2, n01hc085079-024, n01hc015103-009, n01hc085084-005, n01hc55021-47-0-1, n01hc085085-011, n01hc085083-027, n01hc55020-39-0-0, 5r01ca049449-18, n01hc085080-026, n01hc55016-37-0-0, n01hc055022-024, n01hg065403-000, n01hc085086-022, 5r01hl087700-03, n01hc55019-35-0-1, 6r01hl087679-03, 5k99hl094535-02, n01hc55018-38-0-1, 5rl1mh083268-05, n01hc25195-41-0-1, 6u54rr020278-06, 5r01ag031890-04, n01hc55222-0-0-0, n02hl64278-6-0-0, n01ag12109-11-0-0, n01hc075150-004, n01hc035129-010, n01hc55015-48-0-1)
  • Goddard Space Flight Center
  • Medical Research Council (K2007-66X-20270-01-3, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, G0500539, G0000934, G0601261, G9521010D, MC_qA137934)
  • Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge (079895)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (496739, 389891, 552485, 442981, 613672, 389938, 496688, 241944, 442915, 389875, 389892, G0000934)
  • Norwegian Institute of Public Health
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-10248, K05AA017688, R01AA013321, AA13320, AA13321, AA-014041, R01AA013326, AA13326, R01AA013320, R01AA014041, R01AA007535)
  • National Institute on Aging (R01-AG-031890, N01-AG12100, N01-AG012100, N01 AG012109)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-85081, N01HC85085, N01-HC55022, N01 HC085086, N01HC-85083, N01 HC055016, N01-HC-55018, HL 71981, N01HC15103, U01HL084729, R01HL071981, N01 HC 55020, N01 HC085079, N01 HC085083, N01‐HC25195, N01 HC 55019, N01HC85082, N01HC‐75150, N01 HC85086, R01HL087676, N01 HC085080, R01HL087652, N01 HC055020, N02 HL064278, U01HL084756, N01HC85080, R01-HL087700, N02- HL-64278, N01 HC055018, N01 HC55222, R01HL087647, N01-N01HC-55021, HL-084729, N01 HC085085, N01‐HC‐45133, R01 HL087679, N01-HC-025195, ­N01-HC55016, R01HL087641, N01 HC055022, R01HL059367, N01HC085082, U01HL080295, U01HL072515, N01 HC055019, N01 HC055222, R01HL088119, N01 HC085081, K99-HL094535, N01‐HC‐55015, N01 HC075150, N01 HC055021, N01 HC085084, N01 HC055015, R01HL086694, N01-HC85079, ­N01-HC85084, N01HC35129)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH059160, R01-MH79469, R01MH059566, R01MH063706, R01MH059571, R01MH060879, R01MH059565, RL1-MH083268, R01MH081800, R01MH060870, U01MH079469, R01-MH79470, R01MH061675, R01MH059586, MH084698, R01MH059588, R01MH067257, U01MH079470, R01MH084698, R01MH059587)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R56DA012854, DA12854, R01DA012854)
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (Z01HG000024, U01HG004399, U01HG004402, R01HG002651, N01 HG065403, HG002651, T32HG000040)
  • National Cancer Institute (CA-49449, R01CA065725, CA-87969, U01CA067262, CA67262, P01CA087969, R01‐CA049449, CA 65725, CA50385, CA 047988, U01CA098233, R01CA050385, U01CA049449, R01CA047988, R01CA067262)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U01GM074518)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK073490, DK063491, DK-072193, R01DK072193, U01DK062370, R01DK058845, R01-DK068336, R01DK075681, P30DK046200, R56DK062370, F32DK079466, K23DK080145, U01DK062418, P30DK072488, DK-062370, DK58845, R01DK075787, P30DK063491, R01DK062370, DK46200.)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K08AR055688)
  • National Center for Research Resources (U54-RR020278, UL1RR025005, M01RR000425)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
Keywords
body mass index, obesity susceptibility, genetic loci, single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variation, GPRC5B, melanocortin-4 receptor, proopiomelanocortin, SH2B1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GIPR, incretin receptors, body weight regulation
MeSH terms
Body Height, Body Weight, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, Body Size, Genome-Wide Association Study

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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