Assessing the impact of immobilisation on the bioavailability of PFAS to plants in contaminated Australian soils
Open accessAbstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a key concern to both environmental and human health due to their extreme persistence in the environment and their ability to bioaccumulate in plants, animals, and humans. In this mesocosm study, Australian PFAS-contaminated soil with a mean total concentration of 8.05 mg/kg and a mean combined PFHxS + PFOS concentration of 7.89 mg/kg was treated with an immobilisation sorbent (RemBind®) at different application rates (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5% w/w). To assess the efficacy of this immobilisation treatment, PFAS leachability, PFAS plant uptake, and ecotoxicity tests were conducted. Leachability testing was performed according to the Australian Standard Leaching Procedure (ASLP) at pH 5 and 7. A grass species (Dactylis glomerata) was used to measure plant uptake of PFAS from untreated and treated contaminated soil. In addition, the Microtox test was used to assess the associated ecotoxicity. The immobilisation treatment resulted in a significant reduction of 88.5-99.8% in the total PFAS leachability and 88.7-99.8% in the combined PFOS and PFHxS leachability at pH 5. Similarly, significant reductions (5-12-fold) were observed in the plant uptake of total PFAS and combined PFOS and PFHxS in all treated soil samples. In addition, although the Microtox test showed relatively low ecotoxicity in all the experimental samples, including the untreated soil, a significant decrease in the ecotoxicity of treated soil samples was observed. The results from this study highlight that this treatment approach has the potential to reduce both PFAS leachability and plant bioavailability with a relatively low associated ecotoxicity. This is likely to reduce the risk of the transfer of PFAS into higher trophic levels. This immobilisation treatment may, therefore, reduce the risk associated with PFAS-contaminated soils and may be an important remediation tool for managing certain PFAS-contaminated soils.
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Soil amendments, such as clays or immobilization agents, can significantly reduce PFAS bioavailability and plant uptake.
“Soil amendments, such as clays or immobilization agents, can significantly reduce PFAS bioavailability and plant uptake, offering potential remediation strategies [166,167].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [166]
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“These factors encompass most site conditions; the study therefore confirmed the stability of PFAS binding in soil for extensive periods under conditions expected to change the desorption of PFAS (Kabiri and McLaughlin 2021).”
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“Despite the abundance of data on the effectiveness of soil amendments in decreasing the leach-ability of PFAS, few studies have been conducted on their impact in reducing PFAS bioavailability for ecological and/ or human receptors (Bräunig et al. 2021b).”
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Background
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- Authors
- Khair Biek, S., Khudur, L. S., Rigby, L., Singh, N., Askeland, M., & Ball, A. S.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Khudur, Leadin S.
- Venue
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2024-02-19
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 20330-20342
- ISSN
- 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7499
- PMC
- PMC10927784
- OpenAlex
- W4391948401
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFOS, PFHxS, plant uptake, bioavailability, Dactylis glomerata, ecotoxicity, Microtox test, soil remediation, bioaccumulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Australia, Biological Availability, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Plants, Soil, Soil Pollutants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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