The DOI matches its Crossref record; 118 of the 119 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Environmental impacts of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles—what can we learn from life cycle assessment?
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this review article is to investigate the usefulness of different types of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of electrified vehicles to provide robust and relevant stakeholder information. It presents synthesized conclusions based on 79 papers. Another objective is to search for explanations to divergence and “complexity” of results found by other overviewing papers in the research field, and to compile methodological learnings. The hypothesis was that such divergence could be explained by differences in goal and scope definitions of the reviewed LCA studies. The review has set special attention to the goal and scope formulation of all included studies. First, completeness and clarity have been assessed in view of the ISO standard’s (ISO 2006a , b ) recommendation for goal definition. Secondly, studies have been categorized based on technical and methodological scope, and searched for coherent conclusions. Comprehensive goal formulation according to the ISO standard (ISO 2006a , b ) is absent in most reviewed studies. Few give any account of the time scope, indicating the temporal validity of results and conclusions. Furthermore, most studies focus on today’s electric vehicle technology, which is under strong development. Consequently, there is a lack of future time perspective, e.g., to advances in material processing, manufacturing of parts, and changes in electricity production. Nevertheless, robust assessment conclusions may still be identified. Most obvious is that electricity production is the main cause of environmental impact for externally chargeable vehicles. If, and only if, the charging electricity has very low emissions of fossil carbon, electric vehicles can reach their full potential in mitigating global warming. Consequently, it is surprising that almost no studies make this stipulation a main conclusion and try to convey it as a clear message to relevant stakeholders. Also, obtaining resources can be observed as a key area for future research. In mining, leakage of toxic substances from mine tailings has been highlighted. Efficient recycling, which is often assumed in LCA studies of electrified vehicles, may reduce demand for virgin resources and production energy. However, its realization remains a future challenge. LCA studies with clearly stated purposes and time scope are key to stakeholder lessons and guidance. It is also necessary for quality assurance. LCA practitioners studying hybrid and electric vehicles are strongly recommended to provide comprehensive and clear goal and scope formulation in line with the ISO standard (ISO 2006a , b ).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“as varying rates of decarbonization have a significant impact on final outcomes.”
From A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Klüppel, H.-J. (2005) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1065/lca2005.03.001 · Cited by 4,650
Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
Vetter, J., Novák, P., Wagner, M. R., Veit, C., Möller, K.-C., Besenhard, J. O., Winter, M., Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M., Vogler, C., & Hammouche, A. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.006 · Cited by 3,987
Recent developments in life cycle assessment
Finnveden, G., Hauschild, M. Z., Ekvall, T., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Hellweg, S., Koehler, A., Pennington, D., & Suh, S. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.018 · Cited by 3,444
Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals
Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. J., Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D., O'Hare, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1121416 · Cited by 2,823
Handbook on life cycle assessment operational guide to the ISO standards
Guinée, J. B. (2002) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02978897 · Cited by 2,779
The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles
Chan, C. C. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2007.892489 · Cited by 1,987
IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology
Jolliet, O., Margni, M. D., Charles, R., Humbert, S., Payet, J., Rebitzer, G., & Rosenbaum, R. K. (2003) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02978505 · Cited by 1,968
Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles
Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau‐Bettez, G., & Strømman, A. H. (2013) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x · Cited by 1,670
Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context
Edwards, R., Mahieu, V., Griesemann, J. C., Jean-Francois, L., & Rickeard, D. J. (2004) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2004-01-1924 · Cited by 1,042
The Eco-indicator 99 A damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology Report
Goedkoop, M. J. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,028
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Edwards R, Larivé J-F, Beziat J-C (2011a) Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive and powertrains in the European context—well-to-wheels report version 3C. EUR—scientific and technical research series. July, 2011a: ISSN 1831–9424. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. (ISBN 978-92-79-21395-3, reported by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, EUCAR and CONCAWE) doi: 10.2788/79018 · DOI
- Edwards R, Larivé J-F, Beziat J-C (2011b) Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive and powertrains in the European context—well-to-wheels appendix 2 version 3C, WTW GHG-emissions of externally chargeable electric vehicles. EUR—scientific and technical research series. July, 2011b: ISSN 1831–9424. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. (ISBN 978-92-79-21395-3, reported by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, EUCAR and CONCAWE) doi: 10.2788/79018 · DOI
- Goedkoop MJ, Heijungs R, Huijbregts M, De Schryver A, Struijs J, Van Zelm R (2012) ReCiPe 2008, A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level—Report I: characterisation. First (revised) edn. VROM, The Netherlands
- Graedel TE, Allwood J, Birat J-P, Buchert M, Hagelüken C, Reck BK, Sibley SF, Sonnemann G (2011) What do we know about metal recycling rates? J Ind Ecol 15(3):355–366 · DOI · Paper page
- Hawkins TR, Singh B, Majeau-Bettez G, Strømman AH (2013b) Corrigendum to: Hawkins, T. R., B. Singh, G. Majeau-Bettez, and A. H. Strømman. 2012. Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. J Ind Ecol 17(1):158–160
- IAE (2011) Technology Roadmap—electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. June, 2011. International Energy Agency, OECD/IEA, France
- ISO (2006a) Environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework, ISO 14040:2006. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
- ISO (2006b) Environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines, ISO 14044:2006. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
- Kudoh Y, Nansai K, Kondo Y, Tahara K (2007) Life cycle CO2 emissions of FCEV, BEV and GV in actual use. Paper presented at the 23rd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition, Anaheim, California, 2–5 Dec
- Messagie M (2013) Environmental performance of electric vehicles, a life cycle system approach. Thesis for the award of the degree of Doctor in engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
- Samaras C, Meisterling K (2008b) Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from plug-in hybrid vehicles: implications for policy—supporting Online Information. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. (Supporting Information for Environmental Science & Technology) · DOI
- Tahara K, Sinha S, Sakamoto R, Kojima T, Taneda K, Funasaki A, Ohtaki T, Inaba A (2001) Comparison of CO2 emissions from alternative and conventional vehicles. World Resour Rev 13(1):52–60
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 555
Energy use and climate change improvements of Li/S batteries based on life cycle assessment
Arvidsson, R., Janssen, M., Svanström, M., Johansson, P., & Sandén, B. A. (2018) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.054 · Cited by 42
Hourly electricity demand from an electric road system – A Swedish case study
Jelica, D., Taljegård, M., Thorson, L., & Johnsson, F. (2018) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.047 · Cited by 41
Smit, R., & Kennedy, D. W. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063444 · Cited by 39
Eltohamy, H., van Oers, L. F. C. M., Lindholm, J., Raugei, M., Lokesh, K., Baars, J., Husmann, J., Hill, N., Istrate, I.-R., Jose, D., et al. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.10.026 · Cited by 39
Lindorfer, J., Rosenfeld, D. C., & Böhm, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102886-5.00023-2 · Cited by 37
Chàfer, M., Solé-Mauri, F., Solé, A., Boer, D. T., & Cabeza, L. F. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.304 · Cited by 36
Can modified components make cars greener? A life cycle assessment
Spreafico, C. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127190 · Cited by 36
Pederzoli, D. W., Carnevali, C., Genova, R., Mazzucchelli, M., Borghi, A. D., Gallo, M., & Moreschi, L. (2022) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-021-04933-6 · Cited by 35
Public Transport Decarbonization: An Exploratory Approach to Bus Electrification
Ribeiro, P. J. G., Dias, G., & Mendes, J. F. G. (2024) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj15030081 · Cited by 35
Life-Cycle analysis of economic and environmental effects for electric bus transit systems
Pei, M., Hu, Y., Han, W., Qu, X., & Zou, C. (2024) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104205 · Cited by 35
Mesquita, A. R., de Abreu, V. H. S., Poyares, C. N., & Santos, A. S. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17188318 · Cited by 35
Holzer, A., Wiszniewski, L., Windisch, S., & Raupenstrauch, H. (2022) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met12101642 · Cited by 34
End-of-life modelling in life cycle assessment—material or product-centred perspective?
Mengarelli, M., Neugebauer, S., Finkbeiner, M., Germani, M., Buttol, P., & Reale, F. (2016) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-016-1237-z · Cited by 36
Mathur, N., Deng, S., Singh, S., Yih, Y., & Sutherland, J. W. (2019) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.074 · Cited by 34
Emissions life cycle assessment of charging infrastructures for electric buses
Zhao, E., May, E. C., Walker, P. D., & Surawski, N. C. (2021) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101605 · Cited by 39
Comparison of environmental assessment methodology in hybrid energy system simulation software
Sharma, H., Monnier, É., Mandil, G., Zwolinski, P., & Colasson, S. (2019) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.007 · Cited by 33
Dingil, A. E., Rupi, F., & Esztergár‐Kiss, D. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810158 · Cited by 33
Santillán‐Saldivar, J., Gemechu, E. D., Muller, S. M., Villeneuve, J., Young, S. B., & Sonnemann, G. (2022) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-022-02027-y · Cited by 33
Olıverı, L. M., D’Urso, D., Trapani, N., & Chıacchıo, F. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16237688 · Cited by 32
Ensuring a just transition: The electric vehicle revolution from a human rights perspective
Rouhana, F., Zhu, J., Hurtado, D. C., Hertel, S., & Bagtzoglou, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142667 · Cited by 38
Energy transition in sustainable transport: concepts, policies, and methodologies
Collazos, J. S. G., Cárdenas, L. M., & Franco, C. J. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-34862-x · Cited by 32
Ahmadi, P., Cai, X., & Khanna, M. (2018) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.3937 · Cited by 32
Girardi, P., Brambilla, C., & Mela, G. (2019) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.4211 · Cited by 32
Shimizu, T., Hasegawa, K., Ihara, M., & Kikuchi, Y. (2020) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12973 · Cited by 32
Numerical Investigation of a Fuel Cell-Powered Agricultural Tractor
Martini, V., Mocera, F., & Somà, A. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15238818 · Cited by 32
Dynamic life cycle assessment of European electricity generation based on a retrospective approach
Naumann, G., Famiglietti, J., Schropp, E., Motta, M., & Gaderer, M. (2024) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118520 · Cited by 31
Circular economy can mitigate rising mining demand from global vehicle electrification
Takimoto, H., Kosai, S., Watari, T., & Yamasue, E. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107748 · Cited by 31
Alshahapy, H., Bozeman, J. F., Carley, S. R., Nock, D. S., & Matisoff, D. C. (2025) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ada6de · Cited by 36
Kosai, S., Zakaria, S., Seng, H., Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahim, N. A., Tan, C., Ahmad, R. D. R., Abbas, A. R., Nakano, K., Yamasue, E., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14105783 · Cited by 35
Smit, R., Helmers, E., Schwingshackl, M., Opetnik, M., & Kennedy, D. W. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020762 · Cited by 30
Pollák, F., Vodák, J., Soviar, J., Markovıč, P., Lentini, G., Mazzeschi, V., & Luè, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13031545 · Cited by 30
Environmental performance of an autonomous laser weeding robot—a case study
Krupanek, J., de Santos, P. G., Emmi, L., Meinhardt‐Wollweber, M., Sandmann, H., Scholle, K., Tran, D., Schouteten, J. J., & Andreasen, C. (2024) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-024-02295-w · Cited by 29
K, H. N. S., & Moholkar, V. S. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.254 · Cited by 29
Comprehensive gas analysis of a 21700 Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) cell using mass spectrometry
Abbott, K. C., Buston, J. Ε. H., Gill, J., Goddard, S. L., Howard, D., Howard, G. E., Read, E., & Williams, R. C. E. (2022) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231585 · Cited by 29
Greenhouse gas and air quality effects of auto first-last mile use with transit
Hoehne, C. G., & Chester, M. (2017) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.030 · Cited by 33
Battery electric vehicle energy consumption modelling for range estimation
Wang, J., Besselink, I. J. M., & Nijmeijer, H. (2017) · International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles · doi:10.1504/ijehv.2017.085336 · Cited by 32
Hooftman, N. S., Messagie, M., Joint, F., Segard, J.-B., & Coosemans, T. (2018) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app8071016 · Cited by 29
Self-citationAlmeida, A. M. M., Sousa, N., & Coutinho‐Rodrigues, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11082366 · Cited by 29
Life-cycle impact assessment methods for physical energy scarcity: considerations and suggestions
Arvidsson, R., Svanström, M., Harvey, S., & Sandén, B. A. (2021) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-021-02004-x · Cited by 28
Review of life cycle assessments (LCA) for mobility powertrains
Sarathy, S. M., Nagaraja, S. S., Singh, E., Cenker, E., & Amer, A. (2022) · Transportation Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.treng.2022.100148 · Cited by 28
Hamurcu, M., & Eren, T. (2022) · Transport · doi:10.3846/transport.2022.17783 · Cited by 28
Garcia, J., Millet, D., Tonnelier, P., Sophie, R., & Chenouard, R. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.035 · Cited by 28
Mobility, Citizens, Innovation and Technology in Digital and Smart Cities
Oliveira, T. A., Gabrich, Y. B., Ramalhinho, H., Oliver, M., Cohen, M. W., Ochi, L. S., Guèye, S., Protti, F., Pinto, A. A., Ferreira, D. V. M., et al. (2020) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi12020022 · Cited by 28
Wolff, D., Casals, L. C., Benveniste, G., Corchero, C., & Trilla, L. (2019) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en12122440 · Cited by 27
Characterizing the Changes in Material Use due to Vehicle Electrification
Bhuwalka, K., Field, F. R., Kleine, R. D. D., Kim, H. C., Wallington, T. J., & Kirchain, R. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00970 · Cited by 27
Crashworthiness Analysis of Electric Vehicle With Energy-Absorbing Battery Modules
Feng, H., Xiao, L., Qiao, Y., & Chen, X. (2016) · Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology · doi:10.1115/1.4035498 · Cited by 27
Garcia, R., Freire, F. M. C. S., & Clift, R. (2017) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12593 · Cited by 29
Cerdas, F., Egede, P., & Herrmann, C. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3_27 · Cited by 29
Mansilha, M. B., Brondani, M., Farret, F. A., da Rosa, L. C., & Hoffmann, R. (2018) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/ees.2018.0256 · Cited by 26
Life Cycle Assessment of an On-Road Dynamic Charging Infrastructure
Marmiroli, B., Dotelli, G., & Spessa, E. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9153117 · Cited by 26
Husmann, J., Beylot, A., Perdu, F., Pinochet, M., Cerdas, F., & Herrmann, C. A. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.001 · Cited by 25
Spatial Planning of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure for Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Costa, E., Paiva, A., Seixas, J., Costa, G., Baptista, P., & Gallachóir, B. Ó. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Transportation · doi:10.1155/2018/8923245 · Cited by 25
Pei, Y., Chen, F., Ma, T., & Gu, G. (2024) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106185 · Cited by 25
Solutions for decarbonising urban bus transport: a life cycle case study in Saudi Arabia
Zhao, C., Kobayashi, L. Z., Alquaity, A. B. S., Monfort, J., Cenker, E., Miralles, N., & Sarathy, S. M. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00238-9 · Cited by 25
Greening road transport: Comparison of technologies in conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles
Pata, S. K., Erdoğan, S., Pata, U. K., & Meo, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124908 · Cited by 24
Ghosh, G., Bhattacharyya, R., & Penumadu, D. (2025) · Functional Composites and Structures · doi:10.1088/2631-6331/ae1350 · Cited by 24
Emissions life cycle assessment of diesel, hybrid and electric buses
Zhao, E., Walker, P. D., & Surawski, N. C. (2021) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering · doi:10.1177/09544070211034318 · Cited by 25
Zhang, Y., & Qing-lan, H. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.024 · Cited by 24
Seum, S., Ehrenberger, S., & Pregger, T. (2020) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117568 · Cited by 24
Life Cycle Assessment of a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RoPax Ferry Prototype
Trillos, J. C. G., Wilken, D., Brand, U., & Vogt, T. (2020) · Sustainable production, life cycle engineering and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50519-6_2 · Cited by 30
Shi, T., Zhao, F., Hao, H., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Automotive Innovation · doi:10.1007/s42154-018-0037-5 · Cited by 23
Tsai, C.-Y., Chang, T.-H., & Hsieh, I.-Y. L. (2022) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103542 · Cited by 23
Demystifying the barriers for electric vehicle acceptance: Multiple stakeholders' perspective
Rathore, B., Kumar, V., Gupta, R., Verma, P., Bag, S., & Tagarakis, K. P. (2023) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101090 · Cited by 23
Charging Strategies to Minimize Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electrified Delivery Vehicles
Woody, M., Vaishnav, P., Craig, M., Lewis, G. M., & Keoleian, G. A. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c03483 · Cited by 23
Hassouna, F. M. A., & Assad, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238940 · Cited by 22
Chien, Y.-H., Hsieh, I.-Y. L., & Chang, T.-H. (2023) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2023.101056 · Cited by 23
A machine learning based method for parametric environmental impact model for electric vehicles
Manuguerra, L., Cappelletti, F., & Germani, M. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142308 · Cited by 25
An LCA comparison of last-mile distribution logistics scenarios in Milan and Turin municipalities
Croci, E., Donelli, M., & Colelli, F. P. (2020) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2020.12.001 · Cited by 28
Exploring automotive supplier data in life cycle assessment – Precision versus workload
de Oliveira, F. B., Nordelöf, A., Sandén, B. A., Widerberg, A., & Tillman, A. (2022) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103247 · Cited by 22
Self-citationTu, R., Guo, Z., Liu, L., Wang, S., & Yang, X. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18112683 · Cited by 28
Zeng, Z., Wang, S., & Qu, X. (2022) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2022.07.019 · Cited by 21
Alogdianakis, F., & Dimitriou, L. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100807 · Cited by 21
Sustainable Vehicle Design Considering Quality Level and Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCA)
Ulewicz, R., Siwiec, D., & Pacana, A. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16248122 · Cited by 21
Green principles for responsible battery management in mobile applications
Arbabzadeh, M., Lewis, G. M., & Keoleian, G. A. (2019) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2019.100779 · Cited by 22
Estimating Public Charging Demand of Electric Vehicles
Hardinghaus, M., Seidel, C., & Anderson, J. E. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11215925 · Cited by 20
Doyle, D., Harris, A., Chege, S., Douglas, L., Early, J. M., & Best, R. (2020) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2020-01-1172 · Cited by 20
Siwiec, D., Frącz, W., Pacana, A., Janowski, G., & Bąk, Ł. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16125005 · Cited by 21
Analysis of the Future of Mobility: The Battery Electric Vehicle Seems Just a Transitory Alternative
Cremades, L. V., & Casals, L. C. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15239149 · Cited by 18
Narimani-Qurtlar, A., Sayyah, A., Pakseresht, S., Mostafaei, J., Akbulut, H., Cetinkaya, T., Asghari, E., & Niaei, A. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144199 · Cited by 19
Ballo, F. M., Stabile, P., Gobbi, M., & Mastinu, G. R. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3172174 · Cited by 18
Energy Impacts of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors in U.S. Light-Duty Electric Vehicle Fleet
Warren, J. A., Riddle, M. E., Graziano, D., Das, S., Upadhyayula, V. K. K., Masanet, E. R., & Cresko, J. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01627 · Cited by 18
A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America
Rasbash, D., Dillman, K. J., Heinonen, J., & Ásgeirsson, E. I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032181 · Cited by 17
“In [40], the need to take temporal perspectives into account when performing EV LCA”
BackgroundKochanek, A., Zacłona, T., Pietrucha, I., Petryk, A., Ziemiańczyk, U., Basak, Z., Guzdek, P., Akbulut, L., Atılgan, A., & Woźniak, A. D. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18246610 · Cited by 17
Ortega-Cabezas, P.-M., Colmenar‐Santos, A., Borge-Díez, D., & Blanes-Peiro, J. J. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120532 · Cited by 17
Gauer, V. H., Axsen, J., Dütschke, E., Long, Z., & Kelber, A. (2023) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103048 · Cited by 20
New Trends in Electrical Vehicle Powertrains
Martínez, L., & Delgado-Prieto, M. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72524 · Cited by 17
Saidani, M., & Kim, H. (2021) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-021-01917-x · Cited by 18
Technology innovation and environmental outcomes of road transportation policy instruments
Ma, C., Peñasco, C., & Anadón, L. D. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59111-8 · Cited by 16
Karlsson, S. (2020) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.102818 · Cited by 16
Santillán‐Saldivar, J., Beylot, A., Cor, E., Monnier, É., & Muller, S. M. (2023) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-023-02204-7 · Cited by 16
Science, Technology and Innovation Equity and Inclusion in Electric Vehicle Sector
Kumar, R., & Sinha, K. (2023) · Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities · doi:10.55544/ijrah.3.5.2 · Cited by 16
K, H. N. S., & Moholkar, V. S. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.114951 · Cited by 17
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ROAD TRANSPORT IN A PASSENGER CAR USING THE LIFE CYCLE APPROACH
FOLĘGA, P., & Burchart-Korol, D. (2017) · Transport Problems · doi:10.20858/tp.2017.12.2.14 · Cited by 16
Electric Vehicles, Lightweight Design and Environmental Impacts
Egede, P. (2016) · Sustainable production, life cycle engineering and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40277-2_2 · Cited by 16
If Electric Cars Are Good for Reducing Emissions, They Could Be Even Better with Electric Roads
Morfeldt, J., Shoman, W., Johansson, D. J. A., Yeh, S., & Karlsson, S. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c00018 · Cited by 15
Making sense of life cycle assessment results of electrified vehicles
Alexander, S., & Abraham, J. P. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.114470 · Cited by 18
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of retrofit electrification: Assessment for a real case study
Innocenti, E., Berzi, L., Pero, F. D., & Delogu, M. (2024) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102454 · Cited by 18
Scrutinising the electric vehicle material backpack
Gradin, K. T., Poulikidou, S., Björklund, A., & Luttropp, C. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.035 · Cited by 15
Converting a Conventional Car into a Hybrid Solar Vehicle: a LCA Approach
Tiano, F. A., Rizzo, G., Feo, G. D., & Landolfi, S. (2018) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.10.035 · Cited by 15
Kabus, M., Nolting, L., Mortimer, B. J., Koj, J. C., Kuckshinrichs, W., Doncker, R. W. D., & Praktiknjo, A. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13246508 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Nordelöf, A., Messagie, M., Tillman, A.-M., Ljunggren Söderman, M., & Van Mierlo, J.
- Affiliations
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Nordelöf, Anders
- Venue
- The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
- Published
- 2014-08-21
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1866-1890
- ISSN
- 0948-3349 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7502
- OpenAlex
- W2012453053
- Cited by
- 543
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 17.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2015-11-26)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Keywords
- hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, environmental impact, goal and scope definition, resource consumption, mine tailings, vehicle recycling, stakeholder communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
