The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles
Abstract
With the more stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, global warming, and constraints on energy resources, the electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles have attracted more and more attention by automakers, governments, and customers. Research and development efforts have been focused on developing novel concepts, low-cost systems, and reliable hybrid electric powertrain. This paper reviews the state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. The topologies for each category and the enabling technologies are discussed.
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The extent of voltage imbalance is likely to worsen as EV penetration increases and can lead to power quality issues and reduction of system efficiencies.
“Exiting research states that the extent of the imbalance is likely to worsen as the penetration of EVs increases and can lead to power quality issues and reduction of system efficiencies [18].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
Voltage imbalance is a major concern when EVs are unevenly distributed across different phases in electrical power networks.
“As seen in Fig. 6, a major concern when EVs are unevenly distributed across different phases in electrical power networks is the voltage imbalance.”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
Managed charging could potentially lead to better even demand distribution.
“While in [18], it is highlighted that managed charging could potentially lead to better even demand distribution, their model has not been validated against real-world data.”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [18]
Traveling in EVs is more comfortable due to the absence of vibrations or engine noise.
“traveling in EVs is more comfortable, due to the absence of vibrations or engine noise [2].”
From A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles
Chan, C. C. (2002) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.989873 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Self-citationModern Electric Vehicle Technology
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Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future
Chu, S., & Majumdar, A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11475 · Cited by 12,550 · see citing works
A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges
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“Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are excellent alternatives to internal combustion engine vehicles due to their high efficiency, zero tailpipe emissions, and reduced reliance on fossil fuels [1], [2], [3].”
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- Authors
- Chan, C. C.
- Affiliations
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chan, C. C.
- ORCID
- Chan, C. C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 704-718
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142653678
- Cited by
- 1,987
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 116 · 2015: 134 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 123 · 2012: 122
- FWCI
- 137.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the IEEE (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Keywords
- electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric powertrain, powertrain topology, enabling technologies, vehicle emissions regulation, fuel economy, energy resources
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