Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles
Abstract
Summary: Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low‐carbon electricity sources offer the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal transportation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem‐shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional and EVs. We develop and provide a transparent life cycle inventory of conventional and electric vehicles and apply our inventory to assess conventional and EVs over a range of impact categories. We find that EVs powered by the present European electricity mix offer a 10% to 24% decrease in global warming potential (GWP) relative to conventional diesel or gasoline vehicles assuming lifetimes of 150,000 km. However, EVs exhibit the potential for significant increases in human toxicity, freshwater eco‐toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and metal depletion impacts, largely emanating from the vehicle supply chain. Results are sensitive to assumptions regarding electricity source, use phase energy consumption, vehicle lifetime, and battery replacement schedules. Because production impacts are more significant for EVs than conventional vehicles, assuming a vehicle lifetime of 200,000 km exaggerates the GWP benefits of EVs to 27% to 29% relative to gasoline vehicles or 17% to 20% relative to diesel. An assumption of 100,000 km decreases the benefit of EVs to 9% to 14% with respect to gasoline vehicles and results in impacts indistinguishable from those of a diesel vehicle. Improving the environmental profile of EVs requires engagement around reducing vehicle production supply chain impacts and promoting clean electricity sources in decision making regarding electricity infrastructure.
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EVs typically outperform ICEVs in terms of life cycle GHGs.
“Previous studies have shown that while EVs typically outperform ICEVs in terms of life cycle GHGs [37,38]”
From A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Component processes are based on published literature data [17-20].
“The component processes are based on published literature data [17-20].”
From NRC light-duty vehicle life cycle assessment model (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
Vehicle assembly processes derive from Hawkins et al. [21] and include material and energy inputs as required for the assembly of the vehicle.
“Vehicle assembly processes are assumed to be similar across all powertrain types, derive from Hawkins et al. [21], and include material and energy inputs as required for the assembly of the vehicle.”
From NRC light-duty vehicle life cycle assessment model (2024) · cites this paper as Hawkins et al. [21]
Battery production is an energy-consuming process that offsets some of the efficiency gains of electric motors over internal combustion engines.
“For battery electric vehicles, which are considered important mitigation technologies within the transport sector [1], studies have found that battery production is an energy-consuming process that offsets some of the efficiency gains of electric motors over internal combustion engines [120].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
Increasing penetration of electric vehicles increases the importance of decarbonizing the electricity supply.
“Further, the increasing penetration of electric vehicles increases the importance of decarbonizing the electricity supply [120,125].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
The challenge in using recommender systems for climate-friendly options lies in hunting down usable data on every relevant material and production process from metal ore extraction through production, shipping, and eventual use and disposal of a product.
“The challenge here lies in hunting down usable data on every relevant material and production process from metal ore extraction through production, shipping, and eventual use and disposal of a product [336,674].”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [336]
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Rasbash, D., Dillman, K. J., Heinonen, J., & Ásgeirsson, E. I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032181 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that while EVs typically outperform ICEVs in terms of life cycle GHGs [37,38], in highly GHG intensive grid conditions this is not necessarily always the case [39].”
BackgroundHuang, H.-C., He, H.-D., & Peng, Z.-R. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.130665 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A multi-scale lifecycle and technoeconomic framework for higher education fleet electrification
Juang, J., Williams, W. G., Ramshankar, A. T., Schmidt, J., Xuan, K., & Bozeman, J. F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54752-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Olmez, S., Thompson, J., Marfleet, E., Suchak, K., Heppenstall, A., Manley, E., Whipp, A., & Vidanaarachchi, R. (2022) · doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0300.v1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
NRC light-duty vehicle life cycle assessment model
Kannangara, M., Rabbitt, C., & Bensebaa, F. (2024) · National Research Council Canada · doi:10.4224/40003371
- Authors
- Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau‐Bettez, G., & Strømman, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Strømman, Anders Hammer
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial Ecology
- Published
- 2012-10-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-64
- ISSN
- 1088-1980 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9290
- OpenAlex
- W2167885723
- Cited by
- 1,670
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 147 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 151 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 41.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial Ecology (publishedVersion)
- PolyPublie (École Polytechnique de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Norwegian Research Council (190940)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
- Keywords
- electric vehicles, internal combustion engine vehicles, life cycle assessment, global warming potential, electricity mix, battery replacement, vehicle lifetime, human toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, metal depletion, supply chain impacts, problem shifting, greenhouse gas emissions
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