COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
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COVID-19 is a major source of fear, stress, and anxiety as well as a major factor impacting the health and wellbeing of people worldwide. The present study builds on the recently developed "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" (Ahorsu et al., In International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8, 2020). The sample comprised of 850 participants, male and female young adults from Russia and Belarus. The majority of survey participants are university students and graduates. Females, students, and others from Russia report higher levels of COVID-19-related fear than those from Belarus. Respondents from Russia and Belarus report less fear than people from Iran who were surveyed earlier. The scale used for the present survey evidenced a good Cronbach's Alpha measure of internal consistency or reliability (0.809). Clearly, further research is needed across locations and over time about the nature and extent of fear caused by COVID 19. Overall, the FCV-19S appears to be a valuable and brief instrument that may provide useful information for intervention and policy purposes to migrate fear and problem behavior linked to infectious disease outbreaks.
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Undergraduate students are more fearful of COVID-19 than graduates.
“Undergraduate students at university have been observed to be more fearful of COVID-19 than graduates (Reznik et al., 2020).”
From Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Reznik et al., 2020
The contributions of this study reinforce the observation that the university undergraduate population is more vulnerable, in a psycho-social sense, in the situation of pandemic and lockdown, than university graduates.
“The contributions of this study reinforce the observations made in a previous study that the university undergraduate population is more vulnerable, in a psycho-social sense, in the situation of pandemic and lockdown, than that of university graduates (Reznik et al., 2020).”
From Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Reznik et al., 2020
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“Table 3 Comparison of Iranian and Russian-Belarusian results Items Iran Russia and Belarus Mean (SD) (n = 717) Mean (SD) (n = 850) 1 I am most afraid of COVID-19 3.48 (1.14)*** 2.82 (1.00)*** 2 It makes me uncomfortable to think about COVID-19 4.01 (0.84)*** 3.31 (1.11)*** 3 My hands become clammy when I think about C…”
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Feng, S., Zhang, Q., & Ho, S. M. Y. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13347 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mumtaz, A., Manzoor, F., Jiang, S., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040424 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Üngüren, E., & Kaçmaz, Y. Y. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100369 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Experiencing fear during the pandemic: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in Polish
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Fear of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among pregnant and infertile women in Japan
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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourist plans: a case study from Poland
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Fear of Сoronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Basic Personality Beliefs
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Food Consumption Patterns in Romania during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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- Authors
- Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Penza State University (RU)
- Belarusian State Medical University (BY)
- Corresponding author
- Isralowitz, Richard
- Venue
- International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
- Published
- 2020-05-12
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1903-1908
- ISSN
- 1557-1874 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1882
- PMC
- PMC7217343
- OpenAlex
- W3024159807
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Keywords
- fear of COVID-19, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, scale validation, psychometric properties, young adults, university students, Russia, Belarus, gender differences, cross-national comparison, infectious disease outbreaks, anxiety
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