Fear of COVID-19 Scale: psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population
Open accessAbstract
Mental health clinicians worldwide have been expressing concerns regarding the broad psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, only a few studies have thus far evaluated the degree of fear of COVID-19, partially due to the lack of validated measures. In this study we evaluated the psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), recently developed to assess different aspects of the fear of the pandemic, in a normative population of participants in Israel. Participants (n = 639) were asked to complete the FCV-19S scale, as well as to report anxiety, depression, and stress levels using validated scales. The results a unidimensional factor structure of the FCV-19S which explained 53.71% of the variance. When forcing a two-factor structure model, the analysis revealed two factors pertaining to emotional fear reactions and symptomatic expressions of fear. Gender, sociodemographic status, chronic illness, being in an at-risk group, and having a family member dying of COVID-19 were positively associated with fear of COVID-19. The measure was associated with anxiety, stress and depression. These results suggest that the FCV-19S has good psychometric properties, and can be utilized in studies assessing the effects of the pandemic on the population's mental health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale has good psychometric properties, with Cronbach's α values from 0.82 to 0.89 across studies.
“The scale has already been used in a number of studies and has been translated into several languages, showing good psychometric properties and Cronbach’s α values from 0.82 to 0.89 (Alyami et al., 2020; Bitan et al., 2020; Sakib et al., 2020; Satici et al., 2020; Soraci et al., 2020; Winter et al., 2020).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Bitan et al., 2020
Fear of COVID-19 is associated more with anxiety and stress and to a lesser extent with depression.
“It has recently been observed that fear of COVID-19 is associated more with anxiety and stress and to a lesser extent with depression (Tzur Bitan et al., 2020).”
From Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Tzur Bitan et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 · Cited by 5,843 · see citing works
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 · Cited by 4,332 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although past analyses of this scale pointed to a unidimensional model (Ahorsu et al., 2020; Sakib et al., 2020), our findings provide support for a two-factor structure model, separating emotional fear reactions from symptomatic expressions of fear.”
Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 · Cited by 4,307 · see citing works
Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis
Lorant, V. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf182 · Cited by 2,603 · see citing works
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 · Cited by 2,571 · see citing works
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959 · Cited by 2,197 · see citing works
“Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies
Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008 · Cited by 1,852 · see citing works
COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses
Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., Bucci, E. M., Piacentini, M., Ippolito, G., & Melino, G. (2020) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3 · Cited by 1,602 · see citing works
Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5 · Cited by 1,564 · see citing works
Coping Resources, Coping Processes, and Mental Health
Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Dong, L., Hu, S., & Gao, J. (2020) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.01012 · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258 · Cited by 1,264 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In a recent study conducted by Mertens et al. (2020) among 439 participants from 28 different countries, personal relevance such as health risk for loved ones was found to predict fear of COVID-19.”
Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19
Bloch, E. M., Shoham, S., Casadevall, A., Sachais, B. S., Shaz, B. H., Winters, J. L., van Buskirk, C. M., Grossman, B. J., Joyner, M. J., Henderson, J. P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci138745 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
(2003) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-1-14 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviours
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Concurrent Disorders · doi:10.54127/wcic8036 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, A. K. M. I., Hossain, S., Al Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Abdullah, A. H., Sarker, M. A., Mohiuddin, M. S., Rayhan, I., Hossain, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jkfu3 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Adler, N. E., & Conner, A. L. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01245 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2008) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/1942-9681.s.1.37 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths (2020) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak
Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., Jia, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.050 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., Jia, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.06.20032425 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Perceived stress in different countries at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic
Gamonal-Limcaoco, S., Montero-Mateos, E., Lozano-López, M. T., Maciá-Casas, A., Matías-Fernández, J., & Roncero, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174211033710 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Limcaoco, R. S. G., Mateos, E. M., Fernandez, J., & Roncero, C. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The Baffling Case of Ischemic Stroke Disappearance from the Casualty Department in the COVID-19 Era
Morelli, N., Rota, E., Terracciano, C., Immovilli, P., Spallazzi, M., Colombi, D., Zaino, D., Michieletti, E., & Guidetti, D. (2020) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000507666 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020Preprint
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2p57j · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Medically unexplained symptoms in the times of COVID-19 pandemic: A case-report
Colizzi, M., Bortoletto, R., Silvestri, M., Mondini, F., Puttini, E., Cainelli, C., Gaudino, R., Ruggeri, M., & Zoccante, L. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100073 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Kun, P., Han, S., Chen, X., & Yao, L. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20612 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H., Lieb, R., Höfler, M., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ahmadzadeh, M., Ghamarani, A., Samadi, M., et al. (2013) · doi:10.13140/2.1.1370.1122 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T. M., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Cauberghe, V., Van Wesenbeeck, I., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0478 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I., & Falla, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Rahman, M. A., Hoque, N., Alif, S. M., Salehin, M., Islam, S. M. S., Banik, B., Sharif, A., Nazim, N. B., Sultana, F., & Cross, W. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00624-w · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions
Rahman, M. K., Gazi, M. A. I., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256486 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
On the Nature of Fear and Anxiety Triggered by COVID-19
Coelho, C., Suttiwan, P., Arató, N., & Zsidó, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Schnell, T., & Krampe, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582352 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Salehi, L., Rahimzadeh, M., Molaei, E., Zaheri, H., & Esmaelzadeh‐Saeieh, S. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1835 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis
Şimşir, Z., Koç, H., Seki, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1889097 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Labrague, L. J., De los Santos, J. A. A., & Falguera, C. C. (2021) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12721 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fear of COVID-19
Luo, F., Gheshlagh, R. G., Dalvand, S., Saedmoucheshi, S., & Li, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661078 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Huarcaya-Victoria, J., Villarreal-Zegarra, D., Podestá, A., & Luna-Cuadros, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00354-5 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Alimoradi, Z., Ohayon, M. M., Griffiths, M. D., Lin, C., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.26 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Winter, T. J., Riordan, B. C., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., Mason, A., Poulgrain, J. W., & Scarf, D. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00342-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Development and initial psychometric properties of a panic buying scale during COVID-19 pandemic
Lins, S., & Aquino, S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04746 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Jian, Y., Yu, I. Y., Yang, M. X., & Zeng, K. J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208688 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Fear of COVID‐19 Scale (FCV‐19S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues
Lin, C., Hou, W., Mamun, M. A., Silva, J. A. D., Broche‐Pérez, Y., Ullah, I., Masuyama, A., Wakashima, K., Mailliez, M., Carré, A., et al. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.855 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Do we experience pandemic fatigue? current state, predictors, and prevention
Haktanir, A., Can, N., Seki, T., Kurnaz, M., & Dilmac, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02397-w · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Vos, L. M. W., Habibović, M., Nyklíček, I., Smeets, T., & Mertens, G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113927 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Fukase, Y., Ichikura, K., Murase, H., & Tagaya, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03047-y · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Wakashima, K., Asai, K., Kobayashi, D., Koiwa, K., Kamoshida, S., & Sakuraba, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241958 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Satıcı, S. A., Kayiş, A. R., Satıcı, B., Griffiths, M. D., & Can, G. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00443-5 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Fear, Stress, Resilience and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 in Spanish University Students
Rodríguez, F. M. M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13115824 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Zadok-Gurman, T., Jakobovich, R., Dvash, E., Zafrani, K., Rolnik, B., Ganz, A. B., & Lev-Ari, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073689 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
COVID-19 Fear, Mental Health, and Substance Use Among Israeli University Students
Zolotov, Y., Reznik, A., Bender, S., & Isralowitz, R. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00351-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Suen, Y. T., Chan, R. C. H., & Wong, E. M. Y. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113365 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Malay Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Validity and Reliability
Pang, N. T. P., Kamu, A., Hambali, N. L. B., Mun, H. C., Kassim, M. A., Mohamed, N. H., Ayu, F., Rahim, S. S. S. A., Omar, A., & Jeffree, M. S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00355-4 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Arıkan, E., Altinigne, N., Kuzgun, E., & Okan, M. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103175 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Andrade, E. F., Pereira, L. J., de Oliveira, A. P. L., Orlando, D. R., Alves, D. A. G., Guilarducci, J. D. S., & Castelo, P. M. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1809786 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sigorski, D., Sobczuk, P., Osmola, M., Kuć, K., Walerzak, A., Wilk, M., Ciszewski, T., Kopeć, S., Hryń, K., Rutkowski, P. L., et al. (2020) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000970 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress and emotional reactions in Israel: a mixed-methods study
Levkovich, I., & Shinan‐Altman, S. (2020) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaa081 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Duplaga, M., & Grysztar, M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010043 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Prevalence and predictors of coronaphobia among frontline hospital and public health nurses
Labrague, L. J., & Santos, J. A. A. D. L. (2020) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12841 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Nikopoulou, V. A., Holeva, V., Parlapani, E., Karamouzi, P., Voitsidis, P., Porfyri, G.-N., Blekas, A., Papigkioti, K., Patsiala, S., & Diakogiannis, I. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00414-w · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00334-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Chen, I., Chen, C., Liu, C., Ahorsu, D. K., Griffiths, M. D., Chen, Y., Kuo, Y., Lin, C., Pakpour, A. H., & Wang, S. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00052 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Magano, J., Vidal, D. G., Sousa, H. F. P. E., Dinis, M. A. P., & Leite, Â. M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18020427 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Confirming validity of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale in Japanese with a nationwide large-scale sample
Midorikawa, H., Aiba, M., Lebowitz, A., Taguchi, T., Shiratori, Y., Ogawa, T., Takahashi, A., Takahashi, S., Nemoto, K., Arai, T., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246840 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Latent profile analysis of COVID-19 fear, depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and resilience
Yalçın, İ., Can, N., Çalışır, Ö. M., Yalçın, S., & Çolak, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01667-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Fear of COVID-19 scale: Assessing fear of the coronavirus pandemic in Brazil
Giordani, R. C. F., da Silva, M. Z., Mühl, C., & Giolo, S. R. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320982035 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Validation of the Impact of Event Scale With Modifications for COVID-19 (IES-COVID19)
Vanaken, L., Scheveneels, S., Belmans, E., & Hermans, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00738 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Factors Related to COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors: A Structural Equation Model
Šuriņa, S., Mārtinsone, K., Perepjolkina, V., Koļesņikova, J., Vainik, U., Ruža, A., Vrubļevska, J., Smirnova, D. A., Fountoulakis, K. Ν., & Rancāns, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676521 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Chen, X., Rahman, M. K., Rana, M. S., Gazi, M. A. I., Rahaman, M. A., & Nawi, N. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760051 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Humer, E. C., Pieh, C., Kuška, M., Barke, A., Doering, B. K., Gössmann, K., Trnka, R., Meier, Z., Kaščáková, N., Tavel, P., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134811 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Chen, C., Chen, I., Hou, W., Potenza, M. N., O’Brien, K., Lin, C., & Latner, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000845 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Márquez, M. G., et al. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01822-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Krampe, H., Danbolt, L. J., Haver, A., Stålsett, G., & Schnell, T. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03418-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The role of social connection on the experience of COVID-19 related post-traumatic growth and stress
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Vilas, S. P., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261384 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stănculescu, E. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00428-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Scoping Review of the Existing Scales
Chandu, V. C., Marella, Y., Panga, G. S. K., Pachava, S., & Vadapalli, V. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620946439 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Nabe‐Nielsen, K., Nilsson, C. J., Juul-Madsen, M., Bredal, C., Hansen, L. O. P., & Hansen, Å. M. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106831 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Saraçoğlu, K. T., Şimşek, T., Kahraman, S., Bombacı, E., Sezen, Ö. K., Saraçoğlu, A., & Demirhan, R. (2020) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.607 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Portillo, N., Barés, I., Calandra, M., & Videla, C. G. B. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1836071 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Relationship between the fear of COVID-19 disease and sleep quality: the mediating role of stress
Siddique, R. F., Ahmed, O., & Hossain, K. N. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07033 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Coco, G. L., Gentile, A., Bosnar, K., Milovanović, I., Bianco, A., Drid, P., & Pišot, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052586 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Assessing the fear of COVID-19 among different populations: A response to Ransing et al. (2020)
Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., Chang, K., Chen, Y., Kuo, Y., & Lin, C. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Olapegba, P. O., Chovwen, C., Ayandele, O., & Ramos‐Vera, C. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00557-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kholaif, M. M. N. H. K., & Xiao, M. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21304-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P. D., Vilca, L. W., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Barés, I., Calandra, M., Anacona, C. A. R., López-Calle, C., et al. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1879318 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Ethiopian Amharic Version
Elemo, A. S., Satıcı, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00448-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Mailliez, M., Griffiths, M., & Carré, A. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00499-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Iversen, M. M., Norekvål, T. M., Oterhals, K., Fadnes, L. T., Mæland, S., Pakpour, A. H., & Breivik, K. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00454-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pakpour, A. H., Liu, C.-H., Hou, W., Chen, Y., Li, Y.-P., Kuo, Y., Lin, C., & Scarf, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.740333 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 in Older Adults: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura‐León, J., Gallegos, M., Reyes-Bossio, M. A., & Vilca, L. W. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00438-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Barrios, I., Ríos-González, C. M., O’Higgins, M. G., González, I., García, Ó., Almirón‐Santacruz, J., Navarro, R. E., Melgarejo, O. J., Diáz, N. R., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., et al. (2021) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Aumento de Óbitos Domiciliares devido a Parada Cardiorrespiratória em Tempos de Pandemia de COVID-19
Guimarães, N. S., Carvalho, T. M. L., Machado‐Pinto, J., Lage, R., Bernardes, R. M., Peres, A. S. S., Raposo, M. A., Carvalhais, R. M., Mancini, R. A., Shiomatsu, G. Y., et al. (2021) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20200547 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tools to measure the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: What do we have in the platter?
Cortêz, P. A., Joseph, S. J., Das, N., Bhandarı, S. S., & Shoib, S. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102371 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.558437 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Srivastava, A. K., Bala, R., Srivastava, A. K., Mishra, A. C., Shamim, R., & Sinha, P. (2020) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204763 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S., Ferreira, N., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Gregório, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2601 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Claponea, R., Pop, L., Iorga, M., & Iurcov, R. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10060979 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The fear of COVID-19 scale: Its structure and measurement invariance across 48 countries.
Sawicki, A. J., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Balcerowska, J. M., Sawicka, M. J., Piotrowski, J. P., Sedikides, C., Jonason, P. K., Maltby, J., Adamovic, M., Agada, A. M. D., et al. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001102 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Adaptation and Validation of the Brazilian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Cavalheiro, F. R. S., & Sticca, M. G. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00415-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Çağış, Z. G., & Yıldırım, M. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2077970 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Enea, V., Eisenbeck, N., Petrescu, T. C., & Carreno, D. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643977 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effects of COVID-19 Fear on Society’s Quality of Life
Demirbaş, N., & Kutlu, R. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00550-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Vilca, L. W., Carbajal‐León, C., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Barés, I., Calandra, M., Anacona, C. A. R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695989 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Teacher Burnout in the Time of COVID-19: Antecedents and Psychological Consequences
Padmanabhanunni, A., & Pretorius, T. B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054204 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lewis, Y. D., Elran‐Barak, R., Tov, R. G.-S., & Zubery, E. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00383-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chaudhary, A. P., Sonar, N. S., TR, J., Banerjee, M., & Yadav, S. (2021) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/28158 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Brain volumetric changes in the general population following the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown
Salomon, T., Cohen, A., Barazany, D., Ben-Zvi, G., Botvinik‐Nezer, R., Gera, R., Oren, S., Roll, D., Rozic, G., Saliy, A., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118311 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fear of COVID-19 and Fear of Earthquake: Multiple Distressing Events and Well-Being in Croatia
Prizmić‐Larsen, Z., Vujčić, M. T., & Lipovčan, L. K. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231156813 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jian, Y., Hu, T., Zong, Y., & Tang, W. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02515-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Tibubos, A. N., Otten, D., Ernst, M., & Beutel, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.712492 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yenen, E. T., & ÇARKIT, E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02306-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nabe‐Nielsen, K., Christensen, K. B., Fuglsang, N. V., Larsen, I., & Nilsson, C. J. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01806-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Costanza, A., Macheret, L., Folliet, A., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Serafini, G., Prada, P., Bondolfi, G., Sarasin, F., & Ambrosetti, J. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57121360 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dwivedi, R. K., Pandey, M. K., Vashisht, A., Pandey, D. K., & Kumar, D. (2022) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-05-2021-0116 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Butnaru, G. I., Haller, A. P., Dragolea, L.-L., Anichiti, A., & Hârșan, G.-D. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189665 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Üngüren, E., & Kaçmaz, Y. Y. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100369 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sowden, R., Borgstrom, E., & Selman, L. E. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247904 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Experiencing fear during the pandemic: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in Polish
Pilch, I., Kurasz, Z., & Turska–Kawa, A. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11263 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
To fear the unknown: Covid-19 confinement, fear, and food choice
Gómez‐Corona, C., Rakotosamimanana, V. R., Sáenz‐Navajas, M., Rodrigues, H., Franco‐Luesma, E., Saldaña, E., & Valentin, D. (2021) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104251 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Łaskawiec-Żuławińska, D., Grajek, M. K., Szlacheta, P., & Korzonek-Szlacheta, I. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10060975 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Gurung, A., Anglewicz, P. A., Baniya, K., & Yun, K. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-00992-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Lin, C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113127 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Measuring COVID-19 Related Anxiety in Parents: Psychometric Comparison of Four Different Inventories
Kubb, C., & Foran, H. M. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/24507 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yalçın, İ., Boysan, M., Eşkısu, M., & Çam, Z. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02987-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Patelarou, E., Galanis, P., Mechili, E. A., Argyriadi, A., Argyriadis, A., Asimakopoulou, E., Kiçaj, E., Bucaj, J., Carmona‐Torres, J. M., Cobo‐Cuenca, A. I., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10010098 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Instruments to measure fear of COVID-19: a diagnostic systematic review
Muller, A. E., Himmels, J. P. W., & de Velde, S. V. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01262-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tzur Bitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Hillel Yaffe Medical Center (IL)
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 289
- Pages
- 113100
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7227556
- OpenAlex
- W3025589218
- Cited by
- 553
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 198 · 2020: 51
- FWCI
- 49.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- fear of COVID-19, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, psychometric validation, Hebrew version, factor structure, anxiety, depression, stress, COVID-19 pandemic mental health, chronic disease, vulnerable populations, family bereavement
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Depression, Fear, Female, Humans, Israel, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
