A real-time system for biomechanical analysis of human movement and muscle function
Open accessAbstract
Mechanical analysis of movement plays an important role in clinical management of neurological and orthopedic conditions. There has been increasing interest in performing movement analysis in real-time, to provide immediate feedback to both therapist and patient. However, such work to date has been limited to single-joint kinematics and kinetics. Here we present a software system, named human body model (HBM), to compute joint kinematics and kinetics for a full body model with 44 degrees of freedom, in real-time, and to estimate length changes and forces in 300 muscle elements. HBM was used to analyze lower extremity function during gait in 12 able-bodied subjects. Processing speed exceeded 120 samples per second on standard PC hardware. Joint angles and moments were consistent within the group, and consistent with other studies in the literature. Estimated muscle force patterns were consistent among subjects and agreed qualitatively with electromyography, to the extent that can be expected from a biomechanical model. The real-time analysis was integrated into the D-Flow system for development of custom real-time feedback applications and into the gait real-time analysis interactive lab system for gait analysis and gait retraining.
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- Authors
- van den Bogert, A. J., Geijtenbeek, T., Even-Zohar, O., Steenbrink, F., & Hardin, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
- Published
- 2013-07-25
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1069-1077
- ISSN
- 0140-0118 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-0444
- PMC
- PMC3751375
- OpenAlex
- W2050578981
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 8.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Human Motion and Animation
- Keywords
- human body model, joint kinematics, joint kinetics, muscle force estimation, gait analysis, lower extremity, real-time feedback, gait retraining, electromyography validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer Simulation, Computer Systems, Female, Gait, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Movement, Software, User-Computer Interface, Range of Motion, Articular, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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