Reliability and precision of 3D wireless measurement of scapular kinematics
Abstract
To direct interventions aimed at improving scapular position and motion in shoulder pathologies, a clinically feasible, objective, sensitive and reliable assessment of scapular dyskinesis is needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer reliability and the precision of 3D scapula kinematics measurement using wireless sensors of an inertial and magnetic measurement system (IMMS). Scapular kinematics during humerus anteflexion and abduction of 20 subjects without shoulder pathologies were measured twice by two observers at two different days, using IMMS. Similar movement patterns and corresponding high intraclass correlation coefficients were found within (intra) and between (inter) observers, especially for scapular retraction/protraction (0.65-0.85) and medio/lateral rotation (0.56-0.91). Lowest reliability and highest difference in range of motion were observed for anterior/posterior tilt. Medio/lateral rotation and anterior/posterior tilt showed a high precision, with standard error of measurement being mostly below 5°. The inter-observer measurements of retraction/protraction showed lowest precision, reflected in systematic differences. This is caused by an offset in anatomical calibration of the sensors. IMMS enables easy and objective measurement of 3D scapula kinematics. Further research in a patient population should focus on clinical feasibility and validity for measurement of scapular dyskinesis. This would include the application of a scapula locator to enhance anatomical calibration.
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Scapula inter-rater reliability is fair to good for retraction-protraction and mediolateral rotation, but poor to fair for anterior-posterior tilt.
“Inter-rater reliability is considered as fair to good for scapular retraction–protraction and scapular mediolateral rotation (r = 0.59 to 0.91), but as poor to fair for anterior–posterior tilt (r = 0.32 to 0.87) [67].”
From Validity and Reliability of Wearable Sensors for Joint Angle Estimation: A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
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Lang, A. E., & Abiara, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1722571
Koukos, C., Montoya, F., Marty, A., Friedrich, M. J., & Cucchi, D. (2026) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.01.018
Li, L., & Li, Y. (2026) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218261481973
- Authors
- van den Noort, J. C., Wiertsema, S. H., Hekman, K. M. C., Schönhuth, C. P., Dekker, J., & Harlaar, J.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences (NL)
- Venue
- Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
- Published
- 2014-09-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 921-931
- ISSN
- 0140-0118 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-0444
- OpenAlex
- W2032696218
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro Gli Infortuni sul Lavoro
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Shoulder Injury and Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- scapular kinematics, scapular dyskinesis, wireless sensors, 3D motion measurement, inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability, measurement precision, standard error of measurement, scapular rotation, scapular tilt, shoulder pathology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Scapula, Shoulder, Reproducibility of Results, Range of Motion, Articular, Telemedicine, Wireless Technology
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