The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 26 of the 60 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements
Open accessAbstract
The paper argues that informal settlements are the least prepared for health crises because basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure housing are already in short supply or non-existent.
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Claims the paper makes
13 Partly supported · 8 No full text of the sources · 7 Sources not found · 7 Own interpretation · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) describes poor-quality water and inadequate sanitation in slums, and Security of tenure (p. 9) says residents of most slums lack title or secure tenure. The paper recommends improving drainage and garbage removal (Health and public services, p. 17), but the passages do not establish that drainage and waste collection are scarce or absent, or directly characterize housing as inadequate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page not provided) describes slums as having inadequate access to safe water, sanitation and other infrastructure, poor-quality housing, and insecure residential status. This supports the general claim of scarce basic services and adequate housing, but the paper does not specifically identify toilets, sewers, drainage, or waste collection as scarce or absent. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section reports an acute lack of basic amenities in two Nairobi slum settlements, including limited piped water and private toilets and inadequate garbage disposal (page not provided). The paper also describes makeshift housing, but does not establish a shortage of sewers or drainage, assess housing security, or document these conditions across informal settlements throughout the Global South. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many urban informal settlement residents rely on informal health providers as their first entry into the health care system, either due to cost, trust, or access issues [50].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Adams AM, et al. Who serves the urban poor? A geospatial and descriptive analysis of health services in slum settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(1):i32–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu094. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion describes the informal private sector as a first point of care for poor people in Bangladesh and documents its density in Dhaka slums. It identifies low costs, flexible payment, familiarity, and convenient access as reasons for its use, but does not explicitly identify trust as a reason. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Malnutrition and food insecurity is endemic in many urban slums throughout the world [65–68].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Joshi A, Arora A, Amadi-Mgbenka C, Mittal N, Sharma S, Malhotra B, et al. Burden of household food insecurity in urban slum settings. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(4):e0214461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214461. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a food and nutrition emergency in urban India, and the Abstract reports food insecurity among 43% of participants sampled from Indian slums. The paper does not establish that malnutrition and food insecurity are endemic across urban slums throughout the world; its study is limited to India and does not report a direct malnutrition measure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [66] Kimani-Murage EW, Muthuri SK, Oti SO, Mutua MK, van de Vijver S, Kyobutungi C. Evidence of a double burden of malnutrition in urban poor settings in Nairobi., Kenya. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes high food insecurity in urban poor settings in sub-Saharan Africa and says these conditions put slum dwellers at high risk of malnutrition. The Discussion reports high levels of undernutrition in the Nairobi slums studied. The paper does not establish that both conditions are endemic in many urban slums throughout the world; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Agarwal S, Sethi V, Gupta P, Jha M, Agnihotri A, Nord M. Experiential household food insecurity in an urban underserved slum of North India. Food Sec. 2009;1(3):239–50. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Hadley C, Stevenson EG, Tadesse Y, Belachew T. Rapidly rising food prices and the experience of food insecurity in urban Ethiopia: impacts on health and well-being. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2412–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion of slum populations in “Identifying and studying slums as spatial entities” (pp. 18–19) does not give a worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion,” “880 million,” “billion,” and “million” found no passage in our copy stating the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. source
The Background section states that nearly 1 billion people were estimated to live in slums. It also describes slums as human settlements, supporting the claim’s reference to urban slums or informal settlements. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Could not verifycites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section describes shortages of water, toilets, and waste disposal in the two Nairobi settlements, but gives no worldwide population estimate. Searches for “one billion” and global slum-population estimates found no passage supporting the claimed figure. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The close to one billion people that are estimated to live in urban slums or informal settlements are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent [4–7].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] Lilford RJ, et al. The health of people who live in slums 2: improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Water and sanitation section (p. 11) links poor water quality and inadequate sanitation in slums to high rates of diarrhoea, and the Conclusion (p. 23) says densely packed slum neighbourhoods are likely to amplify health hazards. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to that infection specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [5] Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, et al. Slum health: Diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2) https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-7-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background estimates that nearly 1 billion people live in slums and describes inadequate water, sanitation, housing and overcrowding as defining characteristics. The paper does not address COVID-19 or establish that slum residents are highly susceptible to it. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [6] Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, et al. Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S200–18. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Poverty and Livelihood Status section documents shortages of piped water and private toilets, as well as inadequate waste disposal, in two Nairobi slum settlements. It does not assess susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, and its findings about those settlements do not establish the claim for slum residents generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [7] Lopez, O. & Moloney, A. Coronavirus chases the slum dwellers of Latin America. Reuters. 2020. https://nationalpost.com/pmn/health-pmn/coronavirus-chases-the-slum-dwellers-of-latin-america. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums and tenements make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely [8] [9] [10] [11].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Snyder RE, et al. Zika: A scourge in urban slums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(3):e0005287. Published 2017 Mar 23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005287. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text (page unavailable) describes severe crowding in slums and says it facilitates the spread of mosquito-borne Zika. It does not discuss violence or say that space constraints and overcrowding make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Snyder RE, Marlow MA, Riley LW. Ebola in urban slums: the elephant in the room. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(12):e685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70339-0. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text describes overcrowding in slums as a condition conducive to Ebola spread and says inadequate government-enforced quarantine contributed to spread in West Point; no page number is available in our copy. It does not say that violence or space constraints make physical distancing or self-quarantine impractical, and it does not discuss tenements. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites [10] Key considerations: COVID-19 in informal urban settlements. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15185/SSHAP_COVID-19_Key_Considerations_Informal_Settlements_final.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Accessed 28 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Community-based slum mapping exercises have regularly shown that few urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, meet the minimal standards for water access, toilets per person, sewers, and drainage per household [58, 59].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] Corburn J, Hildebrand C. Slum sanitation and the social determinants of Women’s health in Nairobi. Kenya. J Environ Public Health. 2015;2015:209505. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/209505. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methodology describes community-led mapping in Mathare, Nairobi, and the Results report unreliable water access, heavily shared toilets, and wastewater draining into streets. The paper supports the claim for this one settlement, but does not establish that mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or assess minimum standards for sewers and drainage per household. No page numbers were provided for the passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [59] Subbaraman R, O'Brien J, Shitole T, Shitole S, Sawant K, Bloom DE, et al. Off the map: the health and social implications of being a non-notified slum in India. Environ Urban. 2012 Oct;24(2):643-663. PMCID: PMC3565225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247812456356 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section V (page unavailable) documents inadequate water access, too few functioning toilets, and no sewer infrastructure in Kaula Bandar, a slum in Mumbai. It does not establish that community-based mapping exercises regularly find these conditions across urban slums, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, or address drainage per household. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Those already living on the streets and in slums likely have a legitimate mistrust and fear of government and outsiders claiming to help, since these institutions can be perceived as oppressive and interested in stymying political opposition [23, 24].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Rashid SF. Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:574–86. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on eviction and housing policy describe government evictions of slum residents and the government's disregard of their protests, supporting a basis for fear of government. The paper does not report mistrust of outsiders claiming to help, an interest in suppressing political opposition, or findings about people living on the streets. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Sholihah PI, Shaojun C. Impoverishment of induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) slum eviction development in Jakarta Indonesia. Int Urban Sustain Dev. 2018;10(3):263–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2018.1534737. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak in the slums of Monrovia, Liberia, was that mistrust between the poor and medical and public health professionals contributed to misinformation and treatment delays; less appreciated was that slum residents had innovative ideas about how to improve hygiene and well-being [22].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Mukpo, A. 2017. Liberia after Ebola: ‘The human suffering changed me.’ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/liberia-ebola-human-suffering-changed-170618094629264.html. Accessed 30 Mar 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Urban slums largely lack municipal waste collection [77] so residents, youth groups, and/or organized cartels often fill the void [78]. [79]”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [77] Mukama, T. et al. Practices, concerns, and willingness to participate in solid waste management in two urban slums in Central Uganda. J Env and Public Health (n.d.) https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6830163 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background reports that municipal waste collection has low coverage in Ugandan slums. The Results (§3.2) show residents disposing of household waste themselves, but the paper does not describe youth groups or organized cartels filling the collection gap, or establish that this pattern applies to urban slums generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [78] UN. Turning waste into a business in the slums of Yaoundé, Cameroon. 2019 https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1043541
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites [79] Schueler, Adriana Soares de, Kzure, Humberto, Racca, Gustavo Badolati. How are municipal waste in the slums of Rio de Janeiro?. urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana [online]. 2018, vol.10, n.1, pp. 213-230. ISSN 2175-3369. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.010.001.ao15 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says irregular dumping remains common even with regular collection, and “Sobre o Grupamento 2” reports door-to-door truck collection three times a week. The paper describes access difficulties and recommends some resident involvement, but it does not say that slums largely lack municipal collection or that youth groups or cartels routinely replace it. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Sharing of water access points forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, both of which adversely impact health and economic status [ 60, 61].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [60] Hopewell MR, Graham JP. Trends in access to water supply and sanitation in 31 major sub-Saharan African cities: an analysis of DHS data from 2000 to 2012. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-208. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Difficulties of measuring and defining access; page unavailable) says households may share a standpipe with dozens of others. The Results (Time spent collecting drinking water; page unavailable) suggest that some households travel farther or wait longer in line to obtain water. The paper does not establish that sharing forces residents to spend hours seeking and queuing for water, or that this time adversely affects their health and economic status. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Could not verifycites [61] Simiyu S, Swilling M, Cairncross S, Rheingans R. Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-4009-6. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Results passages concern the management and cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities, not shared water access points. Searches for water queues, time spent collecting water, and effects on health or economic status found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food, and street food vending is often a significant source of calories and nutrition [69, 70].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [69] Steyn N, Mchiza Z, et al. Nutritional contribution of street foods to the diet of people in developing countries: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2013;17:1363–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001158. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Energy and nutrient intakes section says street foods make a significant contribution to dietary energy and reports their contribution to some micronutrients. The Advantages of the street food trade section links street-food consumption to employment and income, but our copy does not say that urban slum dwellers rely on day wages to purchase food. Page numbers were not provided in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Galal O, Corroon M, Tirado C. Urban environment and health: food security. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010;22(3 Suppl):254S–61S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510372993. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Indoor air pollution from cooking [72, 73] can contribute to respiratory infections, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in urban slums [74].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Kulshreshtha P, Khare M, Seetharaman P. Indoor air quality assessment in and around urban slums of Delhi city, India. Indoor Air. 2008 Dec;18(6):488–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00550.x. source
- Supportedcites [73] Dianati K, et al. Household air pollution in Nairobi’s slums: a long-term policy evaluation using participatory system dynamics. Sci Total Environ. 2019;660:1108–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotxenv.2018.12.430. source
The citation attached to this source is placed after “Indoor air pollution from cooking.” The Introduction (page not provided) says households in Nairobi’s slums cook with kerosene, charcoal, or wood and that these fuels generate indoor air pollution. The respiratory-infection and morbidity clause carries a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [74] Checkley W, Pollard SL, Siddharthan T, Babu GR, Thakur M, Miele CH, et al. Managing threats to respiratory health in urban slums. Lancet. 2016;4(11):852–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Schools often provide essential nutrition and meals for children living in slums, and closing those institutions may deny children access to their only consistent meals [71].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [71] Srivastava A, Mahmood SE, Srivastava PM, Shrotriya VP, Kumar B. Nutritional status of school-age children - a scenario of urban slums in India. Arch Public Health. 2012;70:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/0778-7367-70-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions section, under “Deliver integrated programs” (page not available), says schools can help reduce nutrition-related problems through school health programs. It does not say that schools provide meals to slum children or that closures could deprive them of their only consistent meals. (LLM, conf=0.81)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Displacing residents of urban slums can not only contribute to transmission and acquisition of infections but can have long-term physical and mental health impacts, especially for women and children [40, 41].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [40] Kim G, Torbay R, Lawry L. Basic health, women’s health, and mental health among internally displaced persons in Nyala Province, South Darfur, Sudan. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(2):353–61. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Basic Needs and Mental Health; page unavailable) links conditions in displaced-person camps to communicable-disease risk and says displacement may contribute to mental-health burdens. The Results (Morbidity; page unavailable) report illness among children, and the Discussion describes unmet women’s health needs. But the study concerns conflict-displaced people in South Darfur camps, not residents displaced from urban slums, and it does not establish long-term impacts. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Choueiry N, Khawaja M. Displacement and health status in low income women: findings from a population-based study in greater Beirut. J Migr Refug Issues. 2007;3(1):1–13.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, governments have already begun to impose draconian quarantine and physical distancing measures for the urban poor without also ensuring that those residing in urban slums can meet their everyday needs, such as food and clean water [14].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Kimani-Murage EW, Schofield L, Wekesah F, Mohamed S, Mberu B, Ettarh R, et al. Vulnerability to food insecurity in urban slums: experiences from Nairobi, Kenya. J Urban Health. 2014;91:1098–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9894-3. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background (page unavailable) describes inadequate water infrastructure in slums, and the Discussion (page unavailable) reports widespread food insecurity, especially during crises. The paper does not report governments imposing quarantine or physical-distancing measures, or assess whether they ensured access to food and clean water while doing so. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35–37].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Deola C, Patel RB. Health outcomes of crisis driven urban displacement: a conceptual framework. Disaster Health. 2014;2(2):92–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/21665044.2014.990306. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2012;10(1):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.155. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Puertas G, Ríos C, Valle H. The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2006;20(5):324–30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49892006001000005. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lack of these basic services can contribute to increased violence and further spread of disease [62].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S. Violence, gender and WaSH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic. Environ Urban. 2015;27:105–16. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses, since most urban poor living in slums are informal workers, meaning they must show up to earn daily wages, and this daily income is used for subsistence [12].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Mberu BU, Ciera JM, et al. Patterns and determinants of poverty transitions among poor urban households in Nairobi, Kenya. Afr Dev Rev. 2014;26:172–85. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The toll it will take on lives and livelihoods will have immediate and long-lasting effects.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Solid waste recycling can also be an income-generating activity for some slum dwellers [ 81].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Buyana K, Byarugaba D, Sseviiri H, Nsangi G, Kasaija P. Experimentation in an African neighborhood: reflections for transitions to sustainable energy in cities. Urban Forum. 2019;30:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-018-9358-z. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, investing in the health and well-being of the urban poor and residents of slums first will ultimately prevent disease reservoirs that would eventually spillover into the general population.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“WHO estimates 7 million people die every year from ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution, with nearly 90% of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries [75].”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [75] WHO. 2020. Air Pollution. https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here.”
§ Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
All slums the authors know about and work with have assets that can be used to share information, prevent exposure, and support well-being.
“Fourth, all slums we know about and work with have assets, even among the widespread deprivation, that can be utilized to share information, prevent exposure, and support over-all well-being.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When clinics exist in urban slums, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.
“Most urban slums lack formal health clinics that can provide needed care to a large number of people, and when clinics do exist, cost, distance, and mistreatment by medics are barriers the poor face when seeking care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.
“Narrow lanes, steep slopes, river crossings, and other natural and human-made barriers can deny emergency vehicle access to urban slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.
“As noted above, informal and unregulated health care providers proliferate in slums.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most common ailments in urban slums tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.
“The mobile units should also be prepared to treat the most common ailments in urban slums, which tend to be diarrhea, upper respiratory infections, and injuries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In Latin America, it is estimated that between 20–30% of the region’s population – approximately 113 million people – lives in an urban informal settlement, which have been identified as being at elevated risk to COVID-19 due to poverty, violence, and overcrowding [7, 23].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although urban areas are generally wealthier than rural areas, wide disparities in socioeconomic status (SES) and segregation into wealthy and poor sub-city units mean that cities contain a microcosm of social gradients – and inequities in health – present in the rest of the country [7–9].”
From Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
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“Displacement, eviction, and homelessness are adverse determinants of health and can contribute to susceptibility of infection [35] [36] [37] .”
Ziraba, A. K., Haregu, T., & Mberu, B. U. (2016) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-016-0166-4 · Cited by 334 · cited 1×
“A key lesson from the Ebola outbreak [84] in 2014 was that quarantines, which were used as a response measure in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, resulted in large waste disposal burdens that put an even greater strain on the health of residents of informal settlements.”
Self-citationWilkinson, A., Ali, H., Bedford, J., Boonyabancha, S., Connolly, C., Conteh, A., Dean, L., Decorte, F., Dercon, B., Dias, S., et al. (2020) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247820922843 · Cited by 320
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Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums
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“We also recognize that urban slums are the sources of substantial economic activity in cities and countries, such as through micro-enterprises and informal labor [19, 20] , and any response to COVID-19 should balance economic well-being and epidemic mitigation.”
Nutritional status of school-age children - A scenario of urban slums in India
Srivastava, A., Mahmood, S. E., Srivastava, P. M., Shrotriya, V. P., & Kumar, B. (2012) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/0778-7367-70-8 · Cited by 270 · cited 1×
“Providing produce and proteins for home cooking may also not be adequate, especially if residents of informal settlements are forced to cook inside their structures.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 578
Coronavirus disease 2019 and slums in the Global South: lessons from Medellín (Colombia)
Molina‐Betancur, J. C., Martínez‐Herrera, E., Pericàs, J. M., & Benach, J. (2020) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/1757975920962797 · Cited by 15
“resources, donations and technical support, and with a compassionate orientation to avoid all kinds of discrimination (7), which is a salutogenic approach, where individuals and groups take decisions and actions that affect their health and improve it using the resources around them – that is, taking active control ov…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationUncovering the edge urban villages using social media big data: A case study in Beijing, China
Wei, H., Qi, W., Liu, S., Li, Y., & Yin, Y. (2025) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103357 · Cited by 15
Basu, P., Choudhury, S., Shridhar, V., et al. (2022) · Access Microbiology · doi:10.1099/acmi.0.000318 · Cited by 14
Urban form and COVID-19 cases and deaths in Greater London: An urban morphometric approach
Venerandi, A., Aiello, L. M., & Porta, S. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221133397 · Cited by 14
“This malpractice, which still threatens contemporary slums in the Global South, appears reinvigorated under the new COVID-19 justification (Corburn et al., 2020; Jasiński, 2021).”
BackgroundKhosla, R., Jha, A., Dua, S., Varmani, S. G., Rajput, N., & Pani, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.1022098 · Cited by 14
“The majority of workers involved in this process are unskilled, meaning that source separation has a negative impact on the situation (Corburn et al., 2020; Galanis et al., 2021).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccine rollout: data from informal settlements in Harare, Kampala, Lilongwe and Mumbai
Lines, K., Dzimadzi, S., Lubega, E., et al. (2023) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/09562478221149876 · Cited by 14
OpenStreetMap Data Use Cases During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Mooney, P., Grinberger, A. Y., Minghini, M., et al. (2021) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003181590-15 · Cited by 14
“In the Cape Town area (Dunoon), the Western Cape Government used OSM to map at least 900 communal toilets in informal areas, and these were included in their risk analysis and risk management approach [79, 80, 81].”
Pre-pandemic Influences on Kenyan Girls’ Transitions to Adulthood during COVID-19
Bellerose, M., Diaw, M., Pinchoff, J., et al. (2020) · Girlhood Studies · doi:10.3167/ghs.2020.130310 · Cited by 14
“These findings align with the AGI-K Theory of Change and substantial literature demonstrating that girls’ needs shift as they progress through each stage of adolescence (Igras et al. 2014).”
ResultAshraf, M. N., Jennings, H. M., Chakma, N., Farzana, N., Islam, M. S., Maruf, T., Uddin, M. J., Ahmed, H. U., McDaid, D., & Naheed, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.704726 · Cited by 15
Wang, C., Xu, H., & Lin, A. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x221097821 · Cited by 14
“30,35”
Hawker Centres: A Social Space Approach to Promoting Community Wellbeing
Radomskaya, V., & Bhati, A. S. (2022) · Urban Planning · doi:10.17645/up.v7i4.5658 · Cited by 15
“Recently, this challenge has been further exacerbated by the Covid‐19 pandemic (Corburn et al., 2020), which has drastically reshaped the relationship between cities and quality of life.”
BackgroundShrivastava, S., Rai, S., & Sivakami, M. (2021) · Indian Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.20529/ijme.2021.004 · Cited by 14
“The pandemic has disproportionately affected the poor and vulnerable population – from the absence of basic public health measures to loss of livelihoods (39, 40).”
BackgroundLasting Scars of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bank, W. (2020) · Global economic prospects and the developing countries · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1553-9_ch3 · Cited by 13
Characterization of Healthy Housing in Africa: Method, Profiles, and Determinants
Iddi, S., Muindi, K., Gitau, H., & Mberu, B. U. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00603-5 · Cited by 15
“In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, selfisolation for those with symptoms and self-quarantine for 14 days after exposure and recommendations such as working from home has become the default for workers all over the world [21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPeng, Q., Ge, S., Li, W., et al. (2023) · GIScience & Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/15481603.2023.2249748 · Cited by 13
“…organizations, and community groups to innovate beyond disaster response and move toward long-term sustainable and resilient planning (Corburn et al. 2020), especially under deep uncertainties related to climate change (Haasnoot et al. 2013; He et al. 2021; Lempert, Popper, and…”
BackgroundInfrastructure, enforcement, and COVID‐19 in Mumbai slums: A first look
Tandel, V., Gandhi, S., Patranabis, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/jors.12552 · Cited by 13
Human Settlements: Urban Challenges and Future Development
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“As many studies noted, population density combined with a lack of access to clean water or proper ventilation intensified the spread of the virus, while the presence of comorbidities increased the likelihood of severe complications and death (Corburn et al. 2020; Pereira et al. 2020).”
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“…pandemic, informal workers and residents of informal settlements were disproportionately affected due to their overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions; limited access to PPE and vaccines; and reliance on daily earnings that led many to continue working despite lockdowns (Corburn et al .”
BackgroundHughes, R. C., Kitsao-Wekulo, P., Bhopal, S., Kimani-Murage, E. W., Hill, Z. E., & Kirkwood, B. R. (2020) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000822 · Cited by 11
Household air pollution during COVID ‐19 pandemic: A concern in India
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“These slums are described to be unsuitable for human habitation due to poverty, overcrowding, perilous environmental, and social condition (Banerjee & Chattopadhyay, 2020; Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCollantes, C. F. (2021) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-09-2020-0073 · Cited by 12
Onuegbu, C. M., Larweh, M., Harlock, J., & Griffiths, F. E. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050766 · Cited by 12
Measuring the impact of donations at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Cunha, L. R. A., Antunes, B. B. D. P., Rodrigues, V. P., Ceryno, P. S., & Leiras, A. (2022) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-021-04378-5 · Cited by 12
“In this context, this work seeks to fulfil the exposed research gap, evaluating the potential impacts of the following two policies to improve well-being in vulnerable communities (Corburn et al., 2020): (i) donations of food to increase affordability and (ii) donations of cleaning and hygiene supplies to enhance sani…”
InfluentialA Scoping Review of COVID-19 in the Context of Informal Settlements
Okem, A. E., Makanishe, B. T., Myeni, S. L., Roberts, D., & Zungu, S. (2022) · Urbanisation · doi:10.1177/24557471221129058 · Cited by 12
“(2020), Franco et al. (2020), Patel (2020), Morgan (2020), Sakamoto et al. (2020), Salamanca and Vargas (2020), Wasdani and Prasad (2020), Wilkinson et al.”
BackgroundLocal Covid-19 Syndemics and the Need for an Integrated Response
Schmidt-Sane, M. M., Leach, M., MacGregor, H., Meeker, J., & Wilkinson, A. (2021) · IDS Bulletin · doi:10.19088/1968-2021.103 · Cited by 15
Duminy, J. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211014410 · Cited by 12
“Yet we should also take heed of calls for a post-pandemic agenda to move beyond disaster response, to encompass the long-term needs of those living in deprived / urban conditions of the global south (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialDas, A., & Susantono, B. (2022) · doi:10.56506/dyxr6960 · Cited by 14
More unequal food distribution in low-income countries exacerbates global hunger risk
Li, S., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.02.009 · Cited by 11
Analysis of incidence, intensity, and gender perspective of multidimensional urban poverty in Kenya
Maket, I. J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30139 · Cited by 11
“Lack of sanitation facilities and insufficient drinking water ranks the highest in major Kenyan cities due to weak governance and regulation of public water, natural sources, and distribution of services ([14,80,81]).”
Niu, H., Fan, R., Chen, J., Xu, Z., & Feng, R. (2025) · Science of Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.srs.2025.100208 · Cited by 13
Ebekozien, A., Aigbavboa, C. O., & Ayo-Odifiri, S. O. (2021) · International Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/13563475.2021.1917342 · Cited by 12
“This is one of the few studies that have allowed the urban poor to suggest feasible solutions to combat pandemics because they are more vulnerable during crises as asserted by Corburn et al. (2020) and Nicola et al. (2020). They found that the urban poor is economically vulnerable during pandemics.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOgas-Mendez, A. F., & Isoda, Y. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10060359 · Cited by 11
“[9] explored the negative impact of slum proximity on property prices and rentals and found that rent declined as one moved closer to the slums.”
BackgroundA Global Overview of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater: Detection, Treatment, and Prevention
Meng, X., Wang, X., Meng, S., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Liang, D., Fan, W., Min, H., Huang, W., Chen, A., et al. (2021) · ACS ES&T Water · doi:10.1021/acsestwater.1c00146 · Cited by 11
Aykanian, A. (2022) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2022.2157523 · Cited by 11
“…pandemic has disproportionately impacted certain populations, including people experiencing homelessness—a group already extremely vulnerable in general and in times of disaster (Baggett et al., 2020; Corburn et al., 2020; Karabanow, 2021; Karabanow et al., 2021, 2022; Tsai & Wilson, 2020).”
BackgroundMeagher, K., Achi, N. E., Bowsher, G. M., Ekzayez, A., & Patel, P. (2021) · Open Health · doi:10.1515/openhe-2021-0001 · Cited by 11
Skrip, L., Fallah, M. P., Bedson, J., Hébert‐Dufresne, L., & Althouse, B. M. (2021) · Epidemics · doi:10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100529 · Cited by 11
Abouzid, M., El‐Sherif, D. M., Naggar, Y. A., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12313-3 · Cited by 11
“Contrarywise this, few Indian cities are depending on traditional strategies such as landfilling filling and local burning [46, 50].”
BackgroundEnvironmental and Social Sustainability of Urban Upgrading Programs: Lessons from Rio
Libertun de Duren, N. R., Rivas, R. O., & Perlman, J. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103416 · Cited by 10
Circular and Transformative Economy
Nhamo, L., Mpandeli, S., Liphadzi, S., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2024) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003327615 · Cited by 13
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Poor sanitation and transmission of COVID-19 in Brazil
Alves, M. R., de Souza, R. A. G., & Caló, R. D. S. (2021) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0442.r1.18112020 · Cited by 10
Victral, D. M., & Heller, L. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13020228 · Cited by 11
“Responses to COVID-19 must recognize different realities within the same population; any measures that do not observe these differences will jeopardize the survival of large segments of the population globally [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialSalama, A. H., Ragab, D. A., & Abdel-Moneim, N. M. (2023) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2022.102084 · Cited by 10
“The virus is transmitted from one to another through different distances lee meter, especially in closed spaces [24,25].”
BackgroundCorrêa, V. S., Abreu, A. P. P. C., Vivaldini, M., & Cruz, M. D. A. (2023) · Journal of Place Management and Development · doi:10.1108/jpmd-10-2022-0095 · Cited by 10
Menezes-Filho, N. A., Komatsu, B. K., & Villares, L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295572 · Cited by 13
Patwary, M. M., Disha, A. S., Hasan, M., Bardhan, M., Hasan, M., Tuhi, F. I., Rahim, S. J., Newaz, M. N., Imran, S. A., Haque, M. Z., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290412 · Cited by 11
Effects of neighborhood upgrading programs on domestic violence in Bolivia
de Duren, N. R. L. (2020) · World Development Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100231 · Cited by 10
Single mothers coping with food insecurity in a Nairobi slum
Madhavan, S., Clark, S., & Schmidt, S. (2020) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098020963849 · Cited by 10
“Email: smadhava@umd.edu Urban food insecurity in Africa In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), severe food insecurity is estimated to affect about 22% of the continent’s population with another 52% categorised as moderately food insecure (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2019) likely to be further exacerbated by climate…”
BackgroundMembrane tension may define the deadliest virus infection
Rahman, M. M., & Williams, S. J. (2020) · Colloids and Interface Science Communications · doi:10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100338 · Cited by 13
“Slums were thought to be the most vulnerable for coronavirus because of high density of the population, open sewers, non-existent waste disposal systems, poor economic conditions, and other unsanitary conditions [39].”
BackgroundThe Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in Urban Informal SettlementsPreprint
Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Undurraga, E. A., & Valenzuela, E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.21249935 · Cited by 10
“Individuals living in informal settlements (often called “slums”) are in a structurally disadvantaged position to cope with a health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic [19-23].”
BackgroundSihaloho, E. D., Wiksadana, W., & Siregar, C. D. T. (2020) · EKONOMIS Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.33087/ekonomis.v4i2.180 · Cited by 9
Population and Health Policies in Urban Areas
Vučković, M., & Adams, A. M. (2022) · International handbooks of population · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-02040-7_18 · Cited by 9
Waheed, A., Qadar, A., & Mehmood, Y. (2022) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2022.2103653 · Cited by 9
“…Department of Development Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (S3H), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan challenges for planning and designing healthy cities (Schindler 2017; Kuddus, Tynan, and McBryde 2020; Corburn et al., 2020; Buckley 2020).”
BackgroundAttafuah, P. Y. A., Everink, I. H. J., Lohrmann, C., Abuosi, A. A., & Schols, J. M. G. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.988076 · Cited by 9
Planning cities for pandemics: review of urban and transport planning lessons from COVID-19
Monteiro, J., Sousa, N., Pais, F., Coutinho‐Rodrigues, J., & Natividade-Jesus, E. (2023) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer · doi:10.1680/jmuen.22.00030 · Cited by 9
Kuffer, M., Abascal, Á., Vanhuysse, S. G., et al. (2023) · Advances in geographical and environmental sciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3006-7_1 · Cited by 9
COVID-19 and Imperial Value: Commodity Chains, Global Monopolies, and Catastrophe Capitalism
Suwandi, I., & Foster, J. B. (2022) · International Critical Thought · doi:10.1080/21598282.2022.2093772 · Cited by 9
“…and slums, for example, are often more vulnerable (adjusting for different age structures of the population) due to the physical inability to do social distancing, and because of other factors such as exposure to severe air pollution (Corburn et al. 2020; Dahab et al. 2020; Friesen and Pelz 2020).”
BackgroundCharles, I., Salinger, A. P., Sweeney, R., Batagol, B., Barker, F., Nasir, S., Taruc, R. R., Francis, N., Clasen, T., & Sinharoy, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.010 · Cited by 12
Carbajo, A. E., Cardo, M. V., Pesce, M., Iummato, L. E., Barbeira, P. B., Santini, M. S., & Utgés, M. E. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14735 · Cited by 9
“The need for a singular approach to the COVID-19 pandemia in these contexts has been globally alerted ( Corburn et al., 2020 ; Austrian et al., 2020 ; Naciones Unidas-Argentina, 2020 ).”
Drummond, J. A., Malamud, B. D., Mulligan, J., Bukachi, V., Talib, M., Wandera, A., Pelling, M., & Taylor, F. E. (2023) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103704 · Cited by 9
Ngcamu, B. S., & Mantzaris, E. (2021) · Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review · doi:10.4102/apsdpr.v9i1.483 · Cited by 11
“For instance, Corburn et al. (2020) cited many examples of the crucial role and engagement played by different organisations, including NGOs, faith-based organisations and CBOs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.”
BackgroundInfluentialGlobal trends on Covid-19 and food security research: A scientometric study
Azra, M. N., Noor, M. I. M., Ikhwanuddin, M., & Ahmed, N. (2021) · Advances in food security and sustainability · doi:10.1016/bs.af2s.2021.07.005 · Cited by 8
“Slum health: arresting COVID-19 and improving well-being in urban informal settlements Corburn et al. (2020) Journal of Urban Health 73”
Ethnography of community governance: a case of COVID-19 response of an urban slum in Bangladesh
Zaman, S., Hossain, M. F., & Matin, I. (2022) · Community Development Journal · doi:10.1093/cdj/bsac006 · Cited by 8
“…who have studied COVID-19 situations in other global informal settlement contexts, particularly in Africa and South Asia, discussed the poor preparedness to manage the pandemic and offered suggestions to minimize the risk of the virus through various external interventions (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEllison, G. T. H., Mattes, R., Rhoma, H., & de Wet, T. (2022) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2022/13301 · Cited by 7
Mobility in informal settlements during a public lockdown: A case study in South Africa
Borofsky, Y., & Günther, I. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277465 · Cited by 8
“There are several elements of life in these neighborhoods that make social distancing, let alone lockdowns of social and economic life, problematic [14, 15].”
Daoud, A. O., Elattar, H., Abdellatif, G., et al. (2024) · Biomass · doi:10.3390/biomass4020030 · Cited by 8
“Improper face mask handling has been observed in India, where the masks end up in landfills or open dumps [54].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 as a super crisis: implications for place management
Wexler, M. N., & Oberlander, J. (2021) · Journal of Place Management and Development · doi:10.1108/jpmd-09-2020-0093 · Cited by 8
Ta’Amnha, M. A., Bwaliez, O. M., Magableh, I. K., Samawi, G. A., & Mdanat, M. (2021) · Corporate Board role duties and composition · doi:10.22495/cbv17i3art1 · Cited by 8
“This is because humanitarian organizations rely on donors and funds that have not declined; rather, the role and importance of humanitarian organizations have increased in these difficult conditions (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundGupta, R., Dhamija, R. K., & Gaur, K. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.20092593 · Cited by 8
“Slums are least prepared for the pandemic of covid-‐19 as most basic needs such as regular water supply, toilets, waste collection and adequate and secure housing are almost non-‐existent.(30) Interventions that have been found useful in China and European countries may be impractical.”
InfluentialChamberlain, H. R., Lázár, A. N., & Tatem, A. J. (2022) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01799-0 · Cited by 7
Lebel, L., Aung, N., Long, C. T. M., Siharath, P., Lebel, P., Hap, N., Hoanh, C. T., & Lebel, B. (2022) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-022-01616-9 · Cited by 7
“Coordination across government agencies, as well as collaboration with residents and other non-state actors (Corburn et al. 2020), helps secure project financing (Howard et al. 2020), and ensure implementation leads to improved access.”
BackgroundHussainzad, E. A., & Gou, Z. (2025) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2025.100242 · Cited by 7
Not the Time to Take Chances! Why African Governments’ Response to COVID 19 Matters
Nyadera, İ. N., Wandwkha, B., & Agwanda, B. (2021) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-020-00183-3 · Cited by 7
Unearthing the response pattern of COVID-19 research in social sciences
Singh, V., & Verma, S. (2021) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-04-2021-0094 · Cited by 7
Chhibber, A., Kharat, A. A., Kneale, D., Welch, V. A., Bangpan, M., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11688-7 · Cited by 8
“Do [90] Recommendations For Personal Protective Equipment And Smoke Evacuation For Dermatologic Surgeries Amid The Covid-19 Crisis USA HIC Institutional Healthcare Workers Ng J J [152] Experience from a Singapore tertiary hospital with restructuring a vascular surgery practice in response to national and institutional…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Informal Sector Facing COVID-19: The Case of Cameroon
Ndouna, F. K., Nanfosso, R. T., Essimi, J. A. B., & Ambassa, L.-F. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132313269 · Cited by 7
Can prolonged exposure to information on COVID-19 affect mental health negatively?
Liu, Y., & Yin, Y. (2021) · Asian Population Studies · doi:10.1080/17441730.2021.2010853 · Cited by 6
“Undeniably, the COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a heavy blow and poses a great threat to people’s health (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 in real time: comparing the struggle of three low-income neighbourhoods in Buenos Aires
Cohen, M., Gutman, M., Díaz, M. R., Fodde, M. B., Cabrera, C., Doldan, B. M., & Díaz, C. (2022) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/09562478211060687 · Cited by 7
“9. ahmed et al. (2020); Belanger (2020); Connolly (2004); Corburn et al. (2020); ghosh et al. (2020); loewenson et al. (2021); Mereido de Figuereido (2020); Molina-Betancur (2020); Valentine (2020); Wasdani and Prasad (2020); WhO (2010).”
BackgroundKombe, W. J., Kyessi, A. G., Limbumba, T. M., et al. (2022) · Urbanisation · doi:10.1177/24557471221115258 · Cited by 7
“Crowded housing and public transport systems compound the issues of managing the pandemic (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOgas-Mendez, A. F., Pei, X., & Isoda, Y. (2022) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102688 · Cited by 7
Turner, H., Rogers, B., Kneebone, S., Ramirez, D., French, M., Sawailau, M. J., Volavola, F., Baran, S., Matavesi, K., Newton, O., et al. (2025) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-025-01638-2 · Cited by 10
“…research aims to identify the deeper meaning behind attitudes and behaviours; however, outsider mistrust of researchers may hinder the understanding of residents’ experiences of floods (Corburn et al. 2020; Government of Fiji 2017; Phillips and Keen 2016; Rashid 2009; Sholihah and Shaojun 2018).”
Breaking down the barriers to health equity
Hojat, L. S. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/20499361221079453 · Cited by 6
The slums in the mirror of health: A systematic review analysis from Iran
Raoofi, A., Amirkhani, M., Monjazeb, M., & Peykari, N. (2022) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_71_21 · Cited by 7
“Consequently, we should plan to control disease by train and set up community health workers in slum area and utilization previous experiences about communicable diseases (55).”
BackgroundAmidu, M., Mensah, J. K., Ahenkan, A., & Bawole, J. N. (2023) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104504 · Cited by 6
Mahama, P. Y., Abdulai, A., & Asamoah, K. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100853 · Cited by 7
Yan, J., Wu, T., Zhou, W., Tian, Y., Yu, W., Zheng, J., Zhao, X., Jing, C., & Yin, S. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105259 · Cited by 6
Strategies in Brazilian informal settlements: fighting COVID-19 towards urban resilience
Furtado, L. S. (2021) · Town Planning Review · doi:10.3828/tpr.2020.73 · Cited by 6
Highet, M. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/00207314211024896 · Cited by 5
“The literature search for this report was therefore initially limited to studies that focused on social protection measures in response to previous shock events, including Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Zika outbreaks, because these provide learnings that…”
BackgroundCastro, G. B., Bernegossi, A. C., Sousa, B. J. D. O., Silva, M. R. D. L. E., Silva, F. R. D., Freitas, B. L. S., Ogura, A. P., & Corbi, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2021.1949437 · Cited by 6
“Thus, as pointed out by (Corburn et al. 2020), there is a need for considering these agglomerations as a challenge for public health, especially for the control of COVID-19 and other diseases.”
BackgroundThe significance of urban systems on sustainability and public health
Taylor, J., & Howden‐Chapman, P. (2021) · Buildings and Cities · doi:10.5334/bc.181 · Cited by 9
Oluoch, I. (2022) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.12397 · Cited by 6
Jana, A., Sarkar, A., & Bardhan, R. (2022) · Area Development and Policy · doi:10.1080/23792949.2022.2043171 · Cited by 7
“Informal settlements or slums across the world have always proved the most adversely affected and the least prepared to deal especially with airborne respiratory diseases such as novel Covid19 (Corburn et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTherán-Nieto, K., Pérez-Arévalo, R., & Estrada, D. G. (2022) · urbe Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana · doi:10.1590/2175-3369.014.e20210275 · Cited by 6
Unveiling the intellectual structure of informality: Insights from the socioeconomic literature
Gómez-Cruz, N. A., Anzola, D., & Batz, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297577 · Cited by 7
“Recently, the ‘covid-19’ pandemic has become a new challenge for informal set-tlements [72] that raises the need to rethink city planning [73] and urban governance [74].”
BackgroundO impacto do acesso aberto na produção e difusão de conhecimento sobre a Covid-19
Rodríguez, T. B., da Silva, V. M., Spatti, A. C., et al. (2020) · Liinc em Revista · doi:10.18617/liinc.v16i2.5296 · Cited by 6
COVID-19 and environment: a poignant reminder of sustainability in the new normal
Srivastava, P., Dhyani, S., Emmanuel, M. A., & Khan, A. S. (2021) · Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s42398-021-00207-4 · Cited by 6
Siregar, K. N., Nasir, N. M., Baequni, et al. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/10105395221084931 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Corburn, J., Vlahov, D., Mberu, B., Riley, L., Caiaffa, W. T., Rashid, S. F., Ko, A., Patel, S., Jukur, S., Martínez-Herrera, E., Jayasinghe, S., Agarwal, S., Nguendo-Yongsi, B., Weru, J., Ouma, S., Edmundo, K., Oni, T., & Ayad, H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Yale University (US)
- African Population and Health Research Center (KE)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- BRAC University (BD)
- Sun Pharma Advanced Research (India) (IN)
- University of Colombo (LK)
- Université de Yaoundé II (CM)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Corburn, Jason
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Urban Health
- Published
- 2020-04-24
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348-357
- ISSN
- 0028-7091 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-3460
- 1468-2869
- PMC
- PMC7182092
- OpenAlex
- W3020814017
- Cited by
- 587
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 105
- FWCI
- 258.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-02-11)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Urban Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BRAC University Institutional Repository (BRAC University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001863)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/S00811X/1)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, informal settlements, slums, urban poverty, community health workers, eviction moratorium, cash transfers, water, sanitation and hygiene, food aid, solid waste collection, health care access, migrants, homelessness, Sphere standards, public health policy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Services Accessibility, Housing, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Poverty Areas, Sanitation, Urban Health, Urban Population, Coronavirus Infections, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
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