The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sunscreens with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nano-Particles: A Societal Experiment
Open accessAbstract
The risks of novel technologies, such as nano(bio)technology cannot be fully assessed due to the existing uncertainties surrounding their introduction into society. Consequently, the introduction of innovative technologies can be conceptualised as a societal experiment, which is a helpful approach to evaluate moral acceptability. This approach is illustrated with the marketing of sunscreens containing nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles. We argue that the marketing of this TiO(2) nanomaterial in UV protective cosmetics is ethically undesirable, since it violates four reasonable moral conditions for societal experimentation (absence of alternatives, controllability, limited informed consent, and continuing evaluation). To remedy the current way nano-sized TiO(2) containing sunscreens are utilised, we suggest five complementing actions (closing the gap, setup monitoring tools, continuing review, designing for safety, and regulative improvements) so that its marketing can become more acceptable.
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“Nanoparticles (ca 100 nm or smaller) of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), a white pigment, are widely used for various industrial purposes, including the design of sun blockers and other cosmetic products (187,188).”
From Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions† (2012) · cites this paper as [187]
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Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Upconverting nanoparticles: assessing the toxicity
Gnach, A., Lipiński, T., Bednarkiewicz, A., Rybka, J., & Capobianco, J. A. (2014) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c4cs00177j · Cited by 663
Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions†
Cadet, J., Mouret, S., Ravanat, J., & Douki, T. (2012) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01200.x · Cited by 300
Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics
Dréno, B., Alexis, A. F., Chuberre, B., & Marinovich, M. (2019) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.15943 · Cited by 291
Are sunscreens a new environmental risk associated with coastal tourism?
Sánchez-Quiles, D., & Tovar-Sánchez, A. (2015) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.007 · Cited by 244
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jacobs, J. F., van de Poel, I., & Osseweijer, P.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Jacobs, Johannes F.
- Venue
- NanoEthics
- Published
- 2010-06-20
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-113
- ISSN
- 1871-4757 (ISSN-L)
- 1871-4765
- PMC
- PMC2933802
- OpenAlex
- W2138754853
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- NanoEthics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › General Materials Science › Nanotechnology research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Keywords
- titanium dioxide nanoparticles, moral acceptability, nanotechnology risks, informed consent, nanomaterial regulation, design for safety
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